DEVELOPMENT OF WOOD BRICK WALL STRUCTURES : Structural Behavior for Horizontal Loads

Metode DC-Resistivity konfigurasi Wenner telah diaplikasikan pada situs cagar budaya Cot Sidi Abdullah (CSA) di Desa Kuta Krueng, Kecamatan Samudra Pasai, Kabupaten Aceh Utara. Data geolistrik diukur pada 8 lintasan sejajar dengan spasi lintasan 5 meter dari arah utara - selatan sepanjang situs dan spasi elektroda 0,5 meter. Berdasarkan hasil model penampang 2D diperoleh zona yang bersifat konduktif dengan kisaran nilai resistivitas 0,1 – 80 Ωm dan zona resistif dengan nilai reistivitas berkisar antara 100 – 600 Ωm dengan ketebalan lapisan 1 meter. Keberadaan zona yang relatif konduktif disebabkan oleh adanya intrusi air asin yang terdapat disekeliling daerah itu, yaitu area tambak dan sungai. Sedangkan zona resistif terdapat secara merata di semua lintasan yang umumnya berada di tengah–tengah lintasan dan dapat diprediksikan sebagai bagian dari situs yang tertimbun dibawah permukaan. Zona resistif berupa batu bata yang berada di sekeliling situs dan menahan intrusi air asin masuk ke tengah. Oleh karena itu bangunan Situs CSA diprediksi memiliki luasan sekitar 26 m x 35 m dengan bangunan sekeliling berupa batu bata dengan ketebalan dinding situs 1,5 meter. Sedangkan bagian tengah adalah timbunan pasir yang tidak dipengaruhi oleh air asin.Kata kunci: Metode geofisika, Arkeologi, Cot Sidi Abdullah, Metode DC - Resistivity, Resolusi Model, RekontruksiThe DC-Resistivity method with Wenner configurations was applied to the cultural heritages of Cot Sidi Abdullah (CSA) in Kuta Krueng Village, Samudra Pasai District, North Aceh Regency. Resistivity data were measured on 8 parallel lines with 5 meterline spacing from north to south of the sites and 0.5 meter electrode spacing. The 2D model results show that there are conductive region with the value of resistivity from 0.1-80 Ωm and resistive region with resistivity values ranging from 100 - 600 with a thickness of 1 meter. The existence of the relatively conductive region is caused by the sea water intrusions which is found surrounding the area, such as fish and river areas. However the resistive region is evenly found in all of the lines which are generally located in the middle of line and it was predicted as a part of Cot Sidi Abdullah site buried under the surface. The resistive region is consist of brick wall structures which surrounding the site can hold the sea water intrusions into the center of the sites. Therefore it can be concluded that the CSA Site has 26 m x 35 m areas which is surrounded by the brick structures with 1.5 meters thick. Howeverthe middle part of the site is filled with a sand material that is not affected by salt water.Key words: Geophysics Method, Archaeology, Cot Sidi Abdullah, DC- Resistivity Method, Model Resolution, Reconstruction

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New electrical tomographic method to determine dampness in historical buildings

Archives of Electrical Engineering ◽

10.1515/aee-2016-0019 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 273-283 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Tomasz Rymarczyk ◽

Przemysław Adamkiewicz ◽

Karol Duda ◽

Jakub Szumowski ◽

Jan Sikora

Keyword(s):

Inverse Problem ◽

Nondestructive Method ◽

Forward Model ◽

Laboratory Model ◽

Brick Wall ◽

Historical Buildings ◽

Topological Methods ◽

Wall Structures ◽

Gradient Technique ◽

Tomographic Method

Abstract This paper presents a new, nondestructive method of testing brick wall dampness in wall structures. The setup was used to determine the moisture in a specially built laboratory model. Topological methods and the gradient technique are used to optimize the approach. A forward model of a wall was constructed to solve the inverse problem resulting in moisture buildup inside the wall.

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Temperature Dependence of Magnetic Domains and Wall Structures

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010009573x ◽

1972 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 496-497

Author(s):

Sonoko Tsukahara ◽

Tadami Taoka ◽

Hisao Nishizawa

Keyword(s):

Temperature Dependence ◽

Domain Walls ◽

Magnetic Domain ◽

Iron Film ◽

Objective Lens ◽

Lorentz Microscopy ◽

Domain Structures ◽

Wall Structures ◽

Crystal Films ◽

Metallurgical Structure

The high voltage Lorentz microscopy was successfully used to observe changes with temperature; of domain structures and metallurgical structures in an iron film set on the hot stage combined with a goniometer. The microscope used was the JEM-1000 EM which was operated with the objective lens current cut off to eliminate the magnetic field in the specimen position. Single crystal films with an (001) plane were prepared by the epitaxial growth of evaporated iron on a cleaved (001) plane of a rocksalt substrate. They had a uniform thickness from 1000 to 7000 Å.The figure shows the temperature dependence of magnetic domain structure with its corresponding deflection pattern and metallurgical structure observed in a 4500 Å iron film. In general, with increase of temperature, the straight domain walls decrease in their width (at 400°C), curve in an iregular shape (600°C) and then vanish (790°C). The ripple structures with cross-tie walls are observed below the Curie temperature.

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Ruthenium red and alcian blue effects on outer structures of methanotrophic bacteria

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100102444 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 72-73

Author(s):

T.A. Fassel ◽

M.J. Schaller ◽

C.C. Remsen

Keyword(s):

Research Effort ◽

Ruthenium Red ◽

Outer Cell ◽

Methanotrophic Bacteria ◽

En Bloc ◽

Methylosinus Trichosporium ◽

Wall Structures ◽

Methylomonas Albus ◽

Type Strains ◽

Outer Cell Wall

Methane, a contributor to the “greenhouse effect”, is oxidized in the natural environment by methanotrophic bacteria. As part of a comprehensive research effort, we have been examining the ultrastructure of methanotrophs. These microorganisms have complex outer cell wall structures similar to those frequently found in other chemol itho- trophic bacteria. (1,2)In our work, we have focused on the “type” strains of Methylomonas albus BG8 and Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b. Between Spurr and LR White embedding resins, we found a difference 1n the preservation of an outer cup layer of BG8 external to the peripheral membranes. Cells from the same sample embedded in Spurr consistently lacked this feature (FIG. 1). This effect was overcome by an en bloc ruthenium red (RR) protocol that resulted in successful retention of the cup layer in Spurr resin (FIG. 2). For OB3b cells, the en bloc RR protocol resulted in an exterior bead feature distinguishable in thin section (FIG. 4) that previously was seen only by SEM.

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Architecture of Radiolitid Rudist (Mollusca) Shell-Wall Structures and its Phylogenetic Implications

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100117054 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. 686-687

Author(s):

David H. Sturm ◽

Bob F. Perkins

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Relationships ◽

Outer Wall ◽

Shell Microstructure ◽

Shell Wall ◽

Wall Structures ◽

Phylogenetic Implications ◽

Cellular Wall ◽

Superfamily Analysis ◽

Central Texas

Each of the seven families of rudists (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Hippuritacea) is characterized by distinctive shell-wall architectures which reflect phylogenetic relationships within the superfamily. Analysis of the complex, calcareous, cellular wall of the attached valve of the radiolite rudist Eoradiolites davidsoni (Hill) from the Comanche Cretaceous of Central Texas indicates that its wall architecture is an elaboration of the simpler monopleurid rudist wall and supports possible radiolite-monopleurid relationships.Several well-preserved specimens of E. davidsoni were sectioned, polished, etched, and carbon and gold coated for SEM examination. Maximum shell microstructure detail was displayed by etching with a 0.7% HC1 solution from 80 to 100 seconds.The shell of E. davidsoni comprises a large, thick-walled, conical, attached valve (AV) and a small, very thin, operculate, free valve (FV) (Fig. 1a). The AV shell is two-layered with a thin inner wall, in which original structures are usually obliterated by recrystallization, and a thick, cellular, outer wall.

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Changes in corneocyte element concentrations occur in skin inner stratum corneum

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100134326 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 146-147

Author(s):

R. R. Warner

Keyword(s):

Stratum Corneum ◽

Human Skin ◽

Element Concentration ◽

Skin Barrier ◽

Barrier Properties ◽

Brick Wall ◽

Inorganic Elements ◽

Dry Skin ◽

Skin Biopsies ◽

Intercellular Lipid

Keratinocytes undergo maturation during their transit through the viable layers of skin, and then abruptly transform into flattened, anuclear corneocytes that constitute the cellular component of the skin barrier, the stratum corneum (SC). The SC is generally considered to be homogeneous in its structure and barrier properties, and is often shown schematically as a featureless brick wall, the “bricks” being the corneocytes, the “mortar” being intercellular lipid. Previously we showed the outer SC was not homogeneous in its composition, but contained steep gradients of the physiological inorganic elements Na, K and Cl, likely originating from sweat salts. Here we show the innermost corneocytes in human skin are also heterogeneous in composition, undergoing systematic changes in intracellular element concentration during transit into the interior of the SC.Human skin biopsies were taken from the lower leg of individuals with both “good” and “dry” skin and plunge-frozen in a stirred, cooled isopentane/propane mixture.

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Comparative surface and ultrastructural views of methylotrophic bacteria by TEM, STEM, SE, and freeze-etch electron microscopy.

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100128274 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 45 ◽

pp. 792-793

Author(s):

T.A. Fassel ◽

M.J. Schaller ◽

M.E. Lidstrom ◽

C.C. Remsen

Keyword(s):

Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽

Structural Features ◽

Methylotrophic Bacteria ◽

Type I ◽

Type Ii ◽

Membrane Complex ◽

Oxidation Of Methane ◽

Methane Oxidizing Bacteria ◽

Wall Structures ◽

Methylomonas Albus

Methylotrophic bacteria play an Important role in the environment in the oxidation of methane and methanol. Extensive intracytoplasmic membranes (ICM) have been associated with the oxidation processes in methylotrophs and chemolithotrophic bacteria. Classification on the basis of ICM arrangement distinguishes 2 types of methylotrophs. Bundles or vesicular stacks of ICM located away from the cytoplasmic membrane and extending into the cytoplasm are present in Type I methylotrophs. In Type II methylotrophs, the ICM form pairs of peripheral membranes located parallel to the cytoplasmic membrane. Complex cell wall structures of tightly packed cup-shaped subunits have been described in strains of marine and freshwater phototrophic sulfur bacteria and several strains of methane oxidizing bacteria. We examined the ultrastructure of the methylotrophs with particular view of the ICM and surface structural features, between representatives of the Type I Methylomonas albus (BG8), and Type II Methylosinus trichosporium (OB-36).

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SEM and fluorescence imaging of callose deposition in root hair tips and suspension cultures of Streptanthus tortuosus

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100161047 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 698-699

Author(s):

K.S. Walters ◽

R.D. Sjolund ◽

K.C. Moore

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Root Hair ◽

Cultured Cells ◽

Root Hairs ◽

Callus Cultures ◽

Callose Deposition ◽

Culture Cells ◽

Wall Structures ◽

Ultraviolet Illumination ◽

Callose Formation

Callose, B-1,3-glucan, a component of cell walls, is associated with phloem sieve plates, plasmodesmata, and other cell wall structures that are formed in response to wounding or infection. Callose reacts with aniline blue to form a fluorescent complex that can be recognized in the light microscope with ultraviolet illumination. We have identified callose in cell wall protuberances that are formed spontaneously in suspension-cultured cells of S. tortuosus and in the tips of root hairs formed in sterile callus cultures of S. tortuosus. Callose deposits in root hairs are restricted to root hair tips which appear to be damaged or deformed, while normal root hair tips lack callose deposits. The callose deposits found in suspension culture cells are restricted to regions where unusual outgrowths or protuberances are formed on the cell surfaces, specifically regions that are the sites of new cell wall formation.Callose formation has been shown to be regulated by intracellular calcium levels.

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