Ewolucja. Twórcza moc selekcji

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Dzik
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Evolutionary Developmental Biology ◽  
Homeotic Genes ◽  
Time Dimension ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Theory Of Evolution

An instructive introduction to the theory of evolution and its applications in biology, physics, chemistry, geology and humanities. The author shows that evolution is a physical process, occurring in geological time dimension, describes how the Darwin’s theory of natural selection works in immunology, neurobiology, sociology as well as in certain aspects of culture and political institutions. He also shows the effects achieved through the action of selection in different areas of biological and social life. He discusses such problems as: the ambiguity of the term “theory of evolution”, the falsifiability of evolutionary hypotheses, connection between evolution and thermodynamics, the concept of reductionism, methodological background of phylogenetics, cladistics, evolutionary developmental biology and homeotic genes, as well as the cumulative nature of social and cultural evolution.

Does culture evolve by means of Darwinian selection? The lessons of Candide’s travels

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 364-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Guillo
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetics ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
General Theory ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Theoretical Approach ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Darwinian Selection ◽  
Universal Algorithm ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Biological Phenomena

The meaning of the concept of natural selection undergoes important changes when it circulates, through the use of analogies, between the realms of biological and cultural phenomena. These changes are not easily detected, but they are unavoidable. They have to do with differences between the properties of cultural phenomena and those of biological phenomena: in particular, the absence of the equivalent of a Hardy–Weinberg law for culture. These differences make it necessary to translate the concepts of classic population genetics into the language of transmission. This translation enables the theorists discussed here to build a unitary general theory of evolution (GTE) based on analogies between biological and cultural evolution, and at the same time to single out their differences. But the unity and the rigor of this theoretical approach are merely apparent. The concept of selection as it is defined here loses, in its three spheres of application – GTE, culture but also biology – the meaning and explanatory power it has in classic population genetics. This means that the mechanism of Darwinian selection cannot be considered as a universal algorithm that is valid for both biological and cultural phenomena alike.

scholarly journals Beyond the Adaptationist Legacy: Updating Our Teaching to Include a Diversity of Evolutionary Mechanisms

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M. Price ◽  
Kathryn E. Perez
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Education Research ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Evolutionary Developmental Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanisms ◽  
Teaching Standards ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Evo Devo

A paradigm shift away from viewing evolution primarily in terms of adaptation – the “adaptationist programme” of Gould and Lewontin – began in evolutionary research more than 35 years ago, but that shift has yet to occur within evolutionary education research or within teaching standards. We review three instruments that can help education researchers and educators undertake this paradigm shift. The instruments assess how biology undergraduates understand three evolutionary processes other than natural selection: genetic drift, dominance relationships among allelic pairs, and evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo). Testing with these instruments reveals that students often explain a diversity of evolutionary mechanisms incorrectly by invoking misconceptions about natural selection. We propose that increasing the emphasis on teaching evolutionary processes other than natural selection could result in a better understanding of natural selection and a better understanding of all evolutionary processes. Finally, we propose two strategies for accomplishing this goal, interleaving natural selection with other evolutionary processes and the development of bridging analogies to describe evolutionary concepts.

Development

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane West-Eberhard
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Evolutionary Developmental Biology ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Frequency Change ◽  
Variable Environments ◽  
The One

Any comprehensive theory of adaptive evolution has to feature development. Development produces the phenotypic variation that is screened by selection. For a mutation to affect evolution, it must first affect development. In order to understand phenotypic change during evolution, one has to understand phenotypic change during development, as well as how to relate that change to selection and gene-frequency change (evolution). The evolution of the phenotype is synonymous with the evolution of development. The genotype-phenotype problem addressed by the metaphors of chapter 2 is fundamentally a problem of development. Genetic programming, the canalized epigenetic landscape, and the recipes and blueprints contained in the genes—all are metaphors for development. Development is the missing link between genotype and phenotype, a place too often occupied by metaphors in the past. The task of this chapter is to outline a concept of development that connects it to mechanisms, on the one hand, and natural selection and evolution on the other, without a potentially misleading metaphorical crutch. The portrait of development provided by developmental biology is not adequate to this task. Evolutionary developmental biology extensively treats the genomic correlates of gross morphological variation across phyla, with little or no discussion of behavior, physiology, life histories, and the kind of variation within populations that is required for natural selection to work. Some progress toward a population approach has been made in plant developmental biology (e.g., see Lawton-Rauh et al., 2000). But a strong emphasis on the genome means that environmental influence is systematically ignored. If you begin with DNA and view development as “hard-wired” (e.g., Davidson, 2000), you overlook the flexible phenotype and the causes of its variation that are the mainsprings of adaptive evolution. I begin instead with the observation that DNA activity—gene expression—is universally condition sensitive and dependent upon materials from the environment. This implies connections between a DNA-centered approach and conventional insights about adaptive evolution in variable environments. The genome affects development at nearly every turn, so genes obviously play an important role in any theory of development and evolution.

Generative entrenchment and an evolutionary developmental biology for culture

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Wimsatt
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Population Genetics ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Developmental Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Synthesis ◽  
Cumulative Culture ◽  
New Synthesis ◽  
Generative Entrenchment

Mesoudi et al.'s new synthesis for cultural evolution closely parallels the evolutionary synthesis of Neo-Darwinism. It too draws inspiration from population genetics, recruits other fields, and, unfortunately, also ignores development. Enculturation involves many serially acquired skills and dependencies that allow us to build a rich cumulative culture. The newer synthesis, evolutionary developmental biology, provides a key tool, generative entrenchment, to analyze them.

Evo-devo, modularity, and evolvability: Insights for cultural evolution

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon M. Reader
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Developmental Biology ◽  
Individual Learning ◽  
Cultural Selection ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Cognitive Modularity ◽  
Evo Devo

Evolutionary developmental biology (“evo-devo”) may provide insights and new methods for studies of cognition and cultural evolution. For example, I propose using cultural selection and individual learning to examine constraints on cultural evolution. Modularity, the idea that traits vary independently, can facilitate evolution (increase “evolvability”), because evolution can act on one trait without disrupting another. I explore links between cognitive modularity, evolutionary modularity, and cultural evolvability.

scholarly journals Getting to Evo-Devo: Concepts and Challenges for Students Learning Evolutionary Developmental Biology

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 494-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Hiatt ◽  
Gregory K. Davis ◽  
Caleb Trujillo ◽  
Mark Terry ◽  
Donald P. French ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Developmental Biology ◽  
Undergraduate Biology ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Evo Devo ◽  
Evolutionary And Developmental Biology ◽  
Conceptual Difficulties

To examine how well biology majors have achieved the necessary foundation in evolution, numerous studies have examined how students learn natural selection. However, no studies to date have examined how students learn developmental aspects of evolution (evo-devo). Although evo-devo plays an increasing role in undergraduate biology curricula, we find that instruction often addresses development cursorily, with most of the treatment embedded within instruction on evolution. Based on results of surveys and interviews with students, we suggest that teaching core concepts (CCs) within a framework that integrates supporting concepts (SCs) from both evolutionary and developmental biology can improve evo-devo instruction. We articulate CCs, SCs, and foundational concepts (FCs) that provide an integrative framework to help students master evo-devo concepts and to help educators address specific conceptual difficulties their students have with evo-devo. We then identify the difficulties that undergraduates have with these concepts. Most of these difficulties are of two types: those that are ubiquitous among students in all areas of biology and those that stem from an inadequate understanding of FCs from developmental, cell, and molecular biology.

Memes, Minds and Evolution

Philosophy ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Holdcroft ◽  
Harry Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Evolution By Natural Selection

It has been claimed, notably by Dawkins and Dennett, that there are units of cultural evolution, called ‘memes’, whose survival is explicable in terms of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. They also play an important part in Dennett's theory of consciousness. Memes are distinct memorable units, not atoms, which have vehicles, and whose success depends on the ability of those vehicles to multiply. We argue that even if the theory of memes is structurally isomorphic with the theory of natural selection, it has a very different ontology calling for novel accounts of variation, replication and fitness. We question whether such accounts are plausible, and conclude that memes and their tokenings cannot assume the causal roles they would have to to obey the ‘laws’ of the theory of evolution by natural selection.

scholarly journals How Weird is The Worm? Evolution of the Developmental Gene Toolkit in Caenorhabditis elegans

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Baker ◽  
Alison Woollard
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Evolutionary Developmental Biology ◽  
Genomic Variation ◽  
Developmental Gene ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Animal Development ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Fruitful Research

Comparative developmental biology and comparative genomics are the cornerstones of evolutionary developmental biology. Decades of fruitful research using nematodes have produced detailed accounts of the developmental and genomic variation in the nematode phylum. Evolutionary developmental biologists are now utilising these data as a tool with which to interrogate the evolutionary basis for the similarities and differences observed in Nematoda. Nematodes have often seemed atypical compared to the rest of the animal kingdom—from their totally lineage-dependent mode of embryogenesis to their abandonment of key toolkit genes usually deployed by bilaterians for proper development—worms are notorious rule breakers of the bilaterian handbook. However, exploring the nature of these deviations is providing answers to some of the biggest questions about the evolution of animal development. For example, why is the evolvability of each embryonic stage not the same? Why can evolution sometimes tolerate the loss of genes involved in key developmental events? Lastly, why does natural selection act to radically diverge toolkit genes in number and sequence in certain taxa? In answering these questions, insight is not only being provided about the evolution of nematodes, but of all metazoans.

Darwinian Evolutionary Theory

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ruse
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Natural Selection ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Origin Of Species ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
Descent Of Man

Charles Robert Darwin, the English naturalist, published On the Origin of Species in 1859 and the follow-up work The Descent of Man in 1871. In these works, he argued for his theory of evolution through natural selection, applying it to all organisms, living and dead, including our own species, Homo sapiens. Although controversial from the start, Darwin’s thinking was deeply embedded in the culture of his day, that of a middle-class Englishman. Evolution as such was an immediate success in scientific circles, but although the mechanism of selection had supporters in the scientific community (especially among those working with fast-breeding organisms), its real success was in the popular domain. Natural selection, and particularly the side mechanism of sexual selection, were known to all and popular themes in fiction and elsewhere.

Evo-Devo and the Structure(s) of Evolutionary Theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan C. Love
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Evolutionary Theory ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Evolutionary Developmental Biology ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Adaptive Function ◽  
Specific Content ◽  
Central Location ◽  
Developmental Form ◽  
Evo Devo

Many researchers have argued that evolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) constitutes a challenge to standard evolutionary theory, requiring the explicit inclusion of developmental processes that generate variation and attention to organismal form (rather than adaptive function). An analysis of these developmental-form challenges indicates that the primary concern is not the inclusion of specific content but the epistemic organization or structure of evolutionary theory. Proponents of developmental-form challenges favor moving their considerations to a more central location in evolutionary theorizing, in part because of a commitment to the value of mechanistic explanation. This chapter argues there are multiple legitimate structures for evolutionary theory, instead of a single, overarching or canonical organization, and different theory presentations can be understood as idealizations that serve different investigative and explanatory goals in evolutionary inquiry.

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