Superior cervical ganglion regenerating axons through peripheral nerve grafts and reversal of behavioral deficits in hemiparkinsonian rats

1996 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Pallini ◽  
Eduardo Fernandez ◽  
Liverana Lauretti ◽  
Elisabetta Dell'Anna ◽  
Frank La Marca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) has been grafted to the brain of adult rats in an attempt to reverse the parkinsonian syndrome that follows destruction of central dopamine systems. However, the main limitation to this approach is the massive cell death that occurs in the grafted SCG after direct transplantation into the brain. In adult rats, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was stereotactically injected into the right substantia nigra (SN). One month later, dopamine denervation was assessed using the apomorphine-induced rotational test. In rats with a positive test, an autologous peripheral nerve (PN) graft was tunneled from the right cervical region to the ipsilateral parietal cortex. One end of the PN graft was sutured to the transected postganglionic branch of the SCG and the other end was inserted into a surgically created cortical cavity. The apomorphine test was repeated at 3 days and again at 1, 3, and 5 months after surgery. The brain, SCG, and PN graft were studied under light and electron microscopy and with the tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemical and horseradish peroxidase tracing methods. Three days after grafting, there were no significant differences on the apomorphine test as compared to the preoperative test. Conversely, 1, 3, and 5 months after grafting, the number of rotations was reduced by 69% (± 20.2), 66.6% (± 17.1), and 72.5% (± 11.3), respectively. Control rats that received a free PN graft to the brain and underwent section of the postganglionic branch of the SCG did not show significant changes on the apomorphine test after surgery. Histological examination revealed that the PN graft was mostly reinnervated by amyelinic axons of small caliber. Approximately 40% of the SCG neuronal population that normally projects to the postganglionic branch survived axotomy and regenerated the transected axons into the PN graft. Axons arising from the SCG elongated the whole length of the graft, crossed the graft—brain interface and extended into brain regions adjacent to the denervated striatum up to 2037 µm from the graft insertion site. This work shows that the ingrowth of catecholamine-regenerating axons from the SCG to dopamine-depleted brain parenchyma significantly reduces behavioral abnormalities in hemiparkinsonian rats. This effect cannot be ascribed either to the brain cavitation or to the PN tissue placement in the brain.

Bilateral innervation of the cerebral arteries by the superior cervical ganglion in cats

1980 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Marín ◽  
Mercedes Salaices ◽  
Fernando Rivilla ◽  
Javier Burgos ◽  
Emilio J. Marco
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Artery ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Anterior Cerebral Artery ◽  
Contractile Response ◽  
Cerebral Arteries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
The Right ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The effect of removal of the left superior cervical ganglion on the contractile response to norepinephrine (NE) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) was studied in isolated segments of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and posterior communicating artery (PCoA) of the cat. Fifteen days after the excision, each dose of NE elicited a potentiated response in both the MCA and the PCoA, whichever side they originated. By contrast, 5-HT induced enhanced vasoconstriction at each dose only in the MCA and PCoA from the left side. When segments of MCA and PCoA from the right side were challenged against 5-HT, a significantly increased response was found only at the first three doses. On the other hand, the NE content of pools made of MCA, PCoA, and anterior cerebral artery from each side was reduced to the same level on both sides after ganglion removal. These results indicate that the excised superior cervical ganglion innervated the MCA and PCoA from both sides of the circle of Willis.

Autotransplantation of the superior cervical ganglion into the brain

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 955-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Itakura ◽  
Ichiro Kamei ◽  
Kunio Nakai ◽  
Yutaka Naka ◽  
Kazuo Nakakita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Superior Cervical Ganglion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cervical Ganglion ◽  
6 Hydroxydopamine ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of rats was transplanted into their own parietal cortex. Four weeks after implantation, catecholamine histofluorescence revealed many transplanted catecholamine cells in the cortex. However, no fibers extended from the transplanted tissue to the cerebral cortex. In a second group of rats which had been pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine (a specific neurotoxin to the catecholamine neuron), some showed extension of catecholamine fibers to the cerebral cortex. To simulate an animal model of Parkinson's disease, MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine) was administered to five monkeys. Two weeks after MPTP administration, dopamine terminals in the caudate nucleus disappeared. After autotransplantation of the SCG into the caudate nucleus of these monkeys, many of the transplanted SCG cells extended axons beyond the graft into the caudate nucleus. These results show that transplanted SCG cells survived well in the brain. Under special circumstances, such as a shortage of catecholamine in the brain, implanted SCG cells extended their axons into the brain. It is suggested that autotransplantation of SCG grafts may be a new therapy for Parkinson's disease.

Activation of the complement cascade and increase of clusterin in the brain following a cortical contusion in the adult rat

1996 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 468-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo-Michael Bellander ◽  
Hans von Holst ◽  
Pam Fredman ◽  
Mikael Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Injury ◽  
Complement Cascade ◽  
Complement Factor ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Junction Protein ◽  
Cortical Contusion ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The aim of the present study was to examine the glial cell response and the possible involvement of the complement cascade following a cerebral cortical contusion. The lesion was produced using a standardized weight-drop technique in adult rats. The blood-brain barrier was damaged, as demonstrated by a decrease of immunoreactivity for a tight junction protein normally expressed by endothelial cells of small vessels in the central nervous system. Increased immunoreactivity for microglial (OX42) and astroglial cells (glial fibrillary acidic protein), as well as macrophages expressing ED1-immunoreactivity (IR) were found in the vicinity of the lesion at all postoperative survival times (2–14 days). In the present study complement factor C3d- and C9-IR was found around the lesion, indicating that activation of the complement cascade had taken place. Furthermore, immunoreactivity for the putative complement inhibitor clusterin (sulfated glycoprotein-2) was found in some of the injured neurons. The contralateral hemisphere showed no evidence of the reaction found in the ipsilateral hemisphere. The balance between complement activation and complement inhibitors may have an impact on the degenerative components in the brain following traumatic injury and in particular on the events leading to nerve cell death.

Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the brain

1976 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Skip Jacques ◽  
Donald B. Freshwater ◽  
C. Hunter Shelden
Keyword(s):  
Primary Tumor ◽  
Osteogenic Sarcoma ◽  
Mesenchymal Cell ◽  
Bone Scanning ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Autopsy Findings ◽  
Tumor Focus ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The authors report a case of primary osteogenic sarcoma of the brain. Negative autopsy findings, complete bone radiographs, and bone-scanning techniques were consistent with a primary tumor focus in the right temporoparietal region of the brain. The authors suggest an origin from a primitive multipotential mesenchymal cell.

Multiple giant hydatid cysts of the brain

1982 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajay Sharma ◽  
Jacob Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Computerized Tomography ◽  
Hydatid Disease ◽  
Rare Case ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydatid Cysts ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Multiple Primary ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A rare case of multiple primary hydatid cysts of the brain is reported in a 9-year-old girl. There were five cysts, occupying most of the right supratentorial region. The biggest cyst measured 9 cm across, while the smallest one was 4.5 cm in diameter. The diagnosis was based on computerized tomography findings. The patient did not have any evidence of hydatid disease elsewhere in the body. The delivery of all the cysts resulted in the dramatic neurological recovery of this patient.

Peripheral nerve regeneration by transplantation of bone marrow stromal cell—derived Schwann cells in adult rats

2004 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 806-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiro Mimura ◽  
Mari Dezawa ◽  
Hiroshi Kanno ◽  
Hajime Sawada ◽  
Isao Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Regeneration ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Alternative Method ◽  
Fine Print

Object. Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) can be induced to form Schwann cells by sequentially treating the cells with β-mercaptoethanol and retinoic acid, followed by forskolin and neurotrophic factors including heregulin. In this study the authors made artificial grafts filled with BMSC-derived Schwann cells (BMSC-DSCs) and transplanted them into the transected sciatic nerve in adult rats to evaluate the potential of BMSCs as a novel alternative method of peripheral nerve regeneration. Methods. The BMSC-DSCs were suspended in Matrigel and transferred into hollow fibers (12 mm in length), which were transplanted into the transected sciatic nerve in adult Wistar rats. Six months after cell transplantation, electrophysiological evaluation and walking track analysis were performed. Results of these studies showed significant improvement in motor nerve conduction velocity and sciatic nerve functional index in the BMSC-DSC—transplanted group compared with the control group (Matrigel graft only). Immunohistochemical study data demonstrated that transplanted BMSCs labeled with retrovirus green fluorescent protein were positive for P0 and myelin-associated glycoprotein and had reconstructed nodes of Ranvier and remyelinated regenerated nerve axons. The number of regenerated axons in the axial section of the central portion of the graft was significantly greater in the transplanted group. Although BMSCs can differentiate into several types of cells, tumor formation did not occur 6 months after engraftment. Conclusions. Results in this study indicate that BMSC-DSCs have great potential to promote regeneration of peripheral nerves. The artificial graft made with BMSC-DSCs represents an alternative method for the difficult reconstruction of a long distance gap in a peripheral nerve.

Primary intracranial epidermoid carcinoma

1979 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 830-833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiki Nosaka ◽  
Seigo Nagao ◽  
Kazuo Tabuchi ◽  
Akira Nishimoto
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Computerized Tomography ◽  
Cerebellopontine Angle ◽  
Epidermoid Carcinoma ◽  
Malignant Tissue ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intracranial Epidermoid ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A case is presented of primary intracranial epidermoid carcinoma in the right cerebellopontine angle which was visualized as a homogeneously enhanced mass on computerized tomography. At autopsy the malignant tissue was found to have invaded the brain stem.

Giant aneurysm arising from a single arteriovenous fistula in a child

1984 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1085-1088 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Carrillo ◽  
Luis Miguel Carreira ◽  
José Prada ◽  
Cesareo Rosas ◽  
Guillermo Egas
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Arteriovenous Fistula ◽  
Posterior Cerebral Artery ◽  
Giant Aneurysm ◽  
Vein Of Galen ◽  
Feeding Artery ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ A case is presented of a child with an arteriovenous fistula and a giant aneurysm located beside the brain stem under the right temporal lobe. It was successfully treated by clipping its feeding artery, a branch of the right posterior cerebral artery. The similarities to, and the differences from, aneurysms of the vein of Galen are discussed.

Intracerebral infusion of thrombin as a cause of brain edema

1995 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1045-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin R. Lee ◽  
A. Lorris Betz ◽  
Richard F. Keep ◽  
Thomas L. Chenevert ◽  
Seoung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Edema ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Thrombin Inhibitor ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Edema Formation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Water ◽  
Fine Print

✓ Purified thrombin from an exogenous source is a hemostatic agent commonly used in neurosurgical procedures. The toxicity of thrombin in the brain, however, has not been examined. This study was performed to assess the effect of thrombin on brain parenchyma, using the formation of brain edema as an indicator of injury. Ten µl of test solution was infused stereotactically into the right basal ganglia of rats. The animals were sacrificed 24 hours later, and the extent of brain edema and ion content were measured. Concentrations of human thrombin as low as 1 U/µl resulted in a significant increase in brain water content. Rats receiving 10 U/µl had a mortality rate of 33% compared to no mortality in the groups receiving smaller doses. Thrombin-induced brain edema was inhibited by a specific and potent thrombin inhibitor, hirudin. A medical grade of bovine thrombin commonly used in surgery also caused brain edema when injected at a concentration of 2 U/µl. Edema formation was prevented by another highly specific thrombin inhibitor, Nα-(2-Naphthalenesulfonylglycyl)-4-dl-phenylalaninepiperidide (α-NAPAP). Thrombininduced brain edema was accompanied by increases in brain sodium and chloride contents and a decrease in brain potassium content. Changes in brain ions were inhibited by both hirudin and α-NAPAP, corresponding to the inhibition of brain water accumulation. This study shows that thrombin causes brain edema when infused into the brain at concentrations as low as 1 U/µl, an amount within the range of concentrations used for topical hemostasis in neurosurgery.

Atypical fibrous histiocytoma in the skull of a infant

1980 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel P. W. Black ◽  
Edward Adelstein ◽  
Clive Levine
Keyword(s):  
Fibrous Histiocytoma ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Not Given ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Palpable Mass ◽  
Temporal Muscle ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Right ◽  
Surrounding Bone ◽  
Fine Print

✓ This is a report of an atypical fibrous histiocytoma in the skull of an infant, who at the age of 3 months was noted to have a “lump” beneath the scalp in the right parietal region. It was about 2 cm in diameter, and the scalp was movable over it. Physical examination was otherwise normal. Radiographs showed erosion of the skull deep to the palpable mass. At operation a neoplasm was found, which had destroyed the bone and invaded the adjacent temporal muscle and dura mater. The tumor was removed en bloc after the surrounding bone had been excised. Histological examination using light and electron microscopy revealed the tumor to be an atypical fibrous histiocytoma. Radiation therapy was not given. There has been no recurrence for 7 years.

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