scholarly journals Determination of the Water Content of Snow from the Study of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in the Snow Cover

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (84) ◽  
pp. 585-592
Author(s):  
J. Tobarias ◽  
P. Saguet ◽  
J. Chilo
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation ◽  
Working Frequency

AbstractWe propose a method for measuring in situ and continuously, the water content of a sample of snow in the snow cover. This method is based on the measurement of the attenuation of an electromagnetic wave propagating in a sample of snow situated between two antennae, an emitter and a receiver. The working frequency is 9.4 GHz.

scholarly journals Determination of the Water Content of Snow from the Study of Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in the Snow Cover

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (84) ◽  
pp. 585-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Tobarias ◽  
P. Saguet ◽  
J. Chilo
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation ◽  
Working Frequency

Abstract We propose a method for measuring in situ and continuously, the water content of a sample of snow in the snow cover. This method is based on the measurement of the attenuation of an electromagnetic wave propagating in a sample of snow situated between two antennae, an emitter and a receiver. The working frequency is 9.4 GHz.

Parameter Estimation for Evaluation of in Situ Density and Moisture Content by using Elastic and Electromagnetic Wave Propagation

2008 ◽  
Vol 2045 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bashar Alramahi ◽  
Dante Fratta ◽  
Khalid A. Alshibli
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation ◽  
Soil Density

Soil density and moisture content are two essential properties in the quality control and quality assurance of projects that involve soil compaction. However, current field practices either are destructive and time-consuming (i.e., sand cone or water balloon for soil density and oven drying for moisture content) or include hazardous substances that require special handling and operating procedures (i.e., nuclear density gauge). Therefore, new robust, reliable, and nonnuclear techniques for the determination of in situ density and moisture content would assist in quality control and quality assurance processes and would allow more measurements to be performed in a shorter time. A methodology for the in situ determination of density and moisture content by using the propagation of elastic and electromagnetic waves through soils was evaluated. It is based on a semiempirical model that relates elastic wave velocity through soils to the water content, porosity, and degree of saturation. An experimental program was used to verify the model and examine its range of applicability. It was also used to examine the accuracy and limitations of the suggested methodology. An analysis was made of the experimental assessment, along with a detailed numerical study of the inversion procedure used to calculate the density and moisture content. Although the parametric and experimental study shows that the methodology can provide an estimate of density and water content rapidly and non-destructively, there are inherent accuracy and precision limitations that need to be solved. These results also show that combined elastic and electromagnetic wave propagation measurements can help in the development of a methodology that may assist in solving inconsistencies in stiffness measurements.

scholarly journals On precursors of electromagnetic wave propagation

1979 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 357-369
Author(s):  
F. K. Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation ◽  
Dispersive Medium ◽  
Atmospheric Effects ◽  
Optical Frequency ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Optical Frequency Range

The precursor theory of an electromagnetic wavetrain propagating through a dispersive medium is briefly reviewed. The few successful experimental determinations of these precursors, which have been reported in the literature, are limited to transients in waveguides. The determination of precursors in the optical frequency range appears to be achievable in the laboratory. However, in the geodetic context of long wavepaths through the troposphere the utilisation of precursors for measuring distances and directions free of atmospheric effects is judged as not feasible at the present time.

scholarly journals The Speed Electromagnetic Wave Propagation in the Snow-Ice Underlying Surface

2021 ◽  
pp. 332-346
Author(s):  
Vladimir A. Malyshev ◽  
Viktor G. Mashkov
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation ◽  
Liquid Water Content ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Underlying Surface ◽  
Speed Propagation

The results calculations the electromagnetic wave propagation velocity in the snow-ice cover depending on the density, the proportion liquid water content, and the propagation speeds the electromagnetic wave in dry snow, dry firn, and dry ice vary very markedly depending on the proportion liquid water content, the preferred orientation, and the shape ice and air structure are presented. The inclusions in the snow. The performed estimates the complex relative permittivity the medium that determines the speed propagation electromagnetic waves show a noticeable influence the density, the proportion liquid water content and the structure the underlying surface (snow, firn, ice), which allows identifying the layers the underlying surface in order to remotely determine the possibility landing a helicopter-type aircraft on an unprepared site with snow-ice cover. Shown, when the portion the water content in the medium is equal to zero, which is typical for negative temperatures, the speed propagation electromagnetic waves in the medium will depend on the density the medium and structure the dry ice in a small range of 1 m/μs temperature. In dry snow, vertically and horizontally elongated or spherical inclusions make a significant contribution to the change in the speed propagation the electromagnetic wave. At zero temperature, in the frequency range of 2 ... 8 GHz, the share water content in the medium, the density and structure the medium will play a determining role in the speed propagation an electromagnetic wave in the medium. The purpose this article is to determine the change ranges speed propagation electromagnetic waves in snow-ice the underlying surface depending on the density, structure, water content to restore the structure the snow and ice according to radar sensing, a more accurate determination the depth snow and thickness ice cover used in the assessment the possibility the safe landing an aircraft the helicopter type on an unprepared ground with snow-ice cover

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