scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Human Enterovirus 71 Strains and Recent Outbreaks in the Asia-Pacific Region: Comparative Analysis of the VP1 and VP4 Genes

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane Cardosa ◽  
David Perera ◽  
Betty A. Brown ◽  
Doosung Cheon ◽  
Hung Ming Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Human Enterovirus ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Human Enterovirus 71

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 strains isolated from children in Yamagata, Japan, between 1990 and 2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 1356-1362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katsumi Mizuta ◽  
Yoko Aoki ◽  
Yohei Matoba ◽  
Kazue Yahagi ◽  
Tsutomu Itagaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Analysis ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Mouth Diseases ◽  
Genomic Variations ◽  
Longitudinal Epidemiology

Enterovirus 71 infections have become a major public issue in the Asia-Pacific region due to the large number of fatal cases. To clarify the longitudinal molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 (EV71) in a community, we isolated 240 strains from children, mainly with hand-foot-and-mouth diseases, between 1990 and 2013 in Yamagata, Japan. We carried out a sequence analysis of the VP1 region (891 bp) using 223 isolates and identified six subgenogroups (B2, B4, B5, C1, C2 and C4) during the study period. Subgenogroups C1 and B2 were found only between 1990 and 1993 and have not reappeared since. In contrast, strains in subgenogroups C2, C4 and B5 appeared repeatedly with genomic variations. Recent reports from several local communities in Japan have suggested that identical predominant subgenogroup strains, which have also been found in the Asia-Pacific region, have been circulating in a wide area in Japan. However, it is likely that there is a discrepancy between the major subgenogroups circulating in the Asia-Pacific region and those in Europe. It is necessary to continue the analysis of the longitudinal epidemiology of EV71 in local communities, as well as on regional and global levels, to develop strategies against severe EV71 infections.

scholarly journals Neutralization Mechanisms of Two Highly Potent Antibodies against Human Enterovirus 71

mBio ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhu ◽  
Kangwei Xu ◽  
Nan Wang ◽  
Lei Cao ◽  
Junlan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Human Enterovirus ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Virus Capsid ◽  
Successful Infection

ABSTRACT Despite significant advances in health care, outbreaks of infections by enteroviruses (EVs) continue to plague the Asia-Pacific region every year. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), for which there are currently no therapeutics. Here, we report two new antibodies, A9 and D6, that potently neutralize EV71. A9 exhibited a 50% neutralizing concentration (neut50) value of 0.1 nM against EV71, which was 10-fold lower than that observed for D6. Investigation into the mechanisms of neutralization revealed that binding of A9 to EV71 blocks receptor binding but also destabilizes and damages the virus capsid structure. In contrast, D6 destabilizes the capsid only slightly but interferes more potently with the attachment of the virus to the host cells. Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of A9 and D6 bound with EV71 shed light on the locations and nature of the epitopes recognized by the two antibodies. Although some regions of the epitopes recognized by the two antibodies overlap, there are differences that give rise to dissimilarities in potency as well as in the mechanisms of neutralization. Interestingly, the overlapping regions of the epitopes encompass the site that the virus uses to bind SCARB2, explaining the reason for the observed blocking of the virus-receptor interaction by the two antibodies. We also identified structural elements that might play roles in modulating the stability of the EV71 particles, including particle integrity. The molecular features of the A9 and D6 epitopes unveiled in this study open up new avenues for rationally designing antiviral drugs. IMPORTANCE During the course of viral infections, the human body produces neutralizing antibodies which play a defining role in clearing the virus. From this study, we report two new, highly potent neutralizing antibodies, A9 and D6, against enterovirus 71 (EV71), the causative agent of HFMD. Both antibodies prevent the virus from entering the host cell, a step that is important for establishing a successful infection. A9 destabilizes and damages the virus capsid that forms an outer protective covering around the genome of the virus, while also interfering with virus attachment to the host cells. In contrast, D6 only prevents binding of the virus to its receptor(s). The mechanism of neutralization of A9 is unique and has not been observed before for neutralizing antibodies targeting EVs. The two antibodies that we are reporting in this study have potential to be developed into much-needed therapeutic interventions for treatment of HFMD, outbreaks of which are reported every year in the Asia-Pacific region.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Analysis of Enterovirus 71 Strains Isolated during Linked Epidemics in Malaysia, Singapore, and Western Australia

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (16) ◽  
pp. 7732-7738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter McMinn ◽  
Katie Lindsay ◽  
David Perera ◽  
Hung Ming Chan ◽  
Kwai Peng Chan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Neurological Sequelae ◽  
Genetic Lineages

ABSTRACT Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a frequent cause of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) epidemics associated with severe neurological sequelae in a small proportion of cases. There has been a significant increase in EV71 epidemic activity throughout the Asia-Pacific region since 1997. Recent HFMD epidemics in this region have been associated with a severe form of brainstem encephalitis associated with pulmonary edema and high case fatality rates. In this study, we show that four genetic lineages of EV71 have been prevalent in the Asia-Pacific region since 1997, including two previously undescribed genogroups (B3 and B4). Furthermore, we show that viruses belonging to genogroups B3 and B4 have circulated endemically in Southeast Asia during this period and have been the primary cause of several large HFMD or encephalitis epidemics in Malaysia, Singapore, and Western Australia.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Factors of Functioning of Special Administrative Areas in the Asian-Pacific Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 524-559
Author(s):  
O. A. Sinenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
National Income ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
World Bank Group ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Territorial Development ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Historical Comparison ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to a study of the features of the functioning of special administrative regions in the Asia-Pacific region and the identification of factors influencing the results of the activities of the studied territories. The purpose of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the features of the functioning of special administrative regions in the Asia-Pacific region. During the research, qualitative methods were used: historical, comparison, analysis and synthesis, legal, deduction and induction, as well as a quantitative method of correlation and regression analysis. The study carried out a comparative analysis of the development and formation of special administrative regions in Russia, as well as Hong Kong, Macau and Singapore. The research hypothesis is based on the assumption that the conditions for the functioning of special administrative regions affect the competitiveness and attractiveness of territories for residents. The research methodological base includes theories describing the impact of territories with a special economic status on the level of the development of territories. We used the author's method of analyzing the functioning of special administrative regions in Russia and in foreign jurisdictions based on 10 indicators: the number of newly registered residents, population, gross national income per capita, GDP, labor force, employment, government spending, direct tax receipts, indirect receipts. taxes, direct domestic investment, direct foreign investment, which made it possible to reveal the dependence of the number of residents registered in special administrative regions on these indicators. The empirical base of the study is data from official information portals on the activities of special administrative regions in Russia and abroad, data from OECD reports, statistics from the World Bank Group, the International Monetary Fund, and others. The novelty of the results obtained lies in substantiating the influence of territorial development indicators on the number of residents in special administrative regions and identifying the risks of functioning of special administrative regions in Russia.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FAR EAST AS A LOCOMOTIVE FOR THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE COUNTRY

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (3) ◽  
pp. 43-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Андрей Коржук ◽  
Andrey Korzhuk
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
The Far East ◽  
Far Eastern ◽  
The Russian Far East

<p><span>The article is devoted to the issues of economic development of the Far Eastern territories of Russia. The Russian Far East occupies a rather advantageous economic and geographical position in Russia and the Asia-Pacific region since it borders with China, Japan and the United States. The purpose of the research is to determine the main directions for improving the economic development of the Far Eastern coastal territories, to compare the development of the coastal territories of the Far East, namely, the territory of Primorsky Krai with other countries, to provide a comparative analysis and draw certain conclusions. The area of the region makes up 36 % of the whole Russian territory while its population is only 4 % of the country’s population, which is due to severe weather conditions and weak economic development. The gross regional product to the Far East accounts for 5.7 % of the GRP of Russia. The paper features foreign experience in the development of coastal territories in the USA, China, Japan and Canada. It can be concluded that Russia significantly lags behind these countries in terms of GDP, exports, involvement in trade with the Asia-Pacific Region, and the sale of manufacturing </span><span>products. A comparative analysis showed that the industrial structure of Russian coastal areas is </span><span>similar only with those of Canada in raw material orientation of shipped goods, population of the port cities, whereas the indicators of the volume of Far Eastern cargo transportation in Russia lag behind all the countries examined. Apparently the main areas of development of the Far Eastern territories are: structural changes in the economy; attracting foreign investment in the creation of both mining, logging, and processing industries; development of transport infrastructure.</span></p>

scholarly journals Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD): An Update

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Probir Kumar Sarkar ◽  
Nital Kumar Sarker ◽  
Md Abu Tayab
Keyword(s):  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Coxsackie Virus ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Human Enterovirus ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Human Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Mild Disease ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) also known as vesicular stomatitis with exanthema, first reported in New Zealand in 1957 is caused by Coxsackie virus A16 (CVA16), human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) and occasionally by other HEV-A serotypes, such as Coxsackie virus A6 and Coxsackie virus A10, are also associated with HFMD and herpangina. While all these viruses can cause mild disease in children, EV71 has been associated with neurological disease and mortality in large outbreaks in the Asia Pacific region over the last decade. It is highly contagious and is spread through direct contact with the mucus, saliva, or feces of an infected person. This is characterized by erythrematous papulo vesicular eruptions over hand, feet, perioral area, knee, buttocks and also intra-orally mostly in children, typically occurs in small epidemics usually during the summer and autumn months. HFMD symptoms are usually mild and resolve on their own in 7 to 10 days. Treatment is symptomatic but good hygiene during and after infection is very important in preventing the spread of the disease. Though only small scale outbreaks have been reported from United States, Europe, Australia Japan and Brazil for the first few decade, since 1997 the disease has conspicuously changed its behavior as noted in different Southeast Asian countries. There was sharp rise in incidence, severity, complications and even fatal outcomes that were almost unseen before that period. There are reports of disease activity in different corners of India since 2004, and the largest outbreak of HFMD occurred in eastern part of India in and around Kolkata in 2007and Bhubaneswar, Odisha in 2009. In recent years there are cases of HFMD have been seen in Bangladesh also. Although of milder degree, continuous progress to affect larger parts of the neighboring may indicate vulnerability of Bangladesh from possible future outbreaks.Bangladesh J Child Health 2016; VOL 40 (2) :115-119

Towards a Comparative Analysis of Health Systems Reforms in the Asia-Pacific Region

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Hong ◽  
A.M. cum laude ◽  
Amelia Huibin
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Asia Pacific Region
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