scholarly journals NCPDP Dose Unit of Measure Terminology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Unit

Computer averaging of lattice images of poly-4-methyl-pentene-1 (P4mp1): Noise created artifacts

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 388-389
Author(s):  
P. Pradère ◽  
J.F. Revol ◽  
R. St. John Manley
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Processing System ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dilute Solution ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Dose Unit ◽  
Lattice Images ◽  
Dose Imaging ◽  
Imaging Conditions

Although radiation damage is the limiting factor in HREM of polymers, new techniques based on low dose imaging at low magnification have permitted lattice images to be obtained from very radiation sensitive polymers such as polyethylene (PE). This paper describes the computer averaging of P4MP1 lattice images. P4MP1 is even more sensitive than PE (total end point dose of 27 C m-2 as compared to 100 C m-2 for PE at 120 kV). It does, however, have the advantage of forming flat crystals from dilute solution and no change in d-spacings is observed during irradiation.Crystals of P4MP1 were grown at 60°C in xylene (polymer concentration 0.05%). Electron microscopy was performed with a Philips EM 400 T microscope equipped with a Low Dose Unit and operated at 120 kV. Imaging conditions were the same as already described elsewhere. Enlarged micrographs were digitized and processed with the Spider image processing system.

scholarly journals Planned Dose Unit

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Unit

FS04.6
Dose/unit area and time - key factors influencing the elicitation capacity of MCI/MI

2008 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-139
Author(s):  
Claus Zachariae ◽  
A Sørensen ◽  
P McNamee ◽  
J Grey ◽  
M Wooder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Dose Unit ◽  
Factors Influencing

APPROPRIATE DOSE ROUNDING OF CYTOKINE MODULATORS FOR PAEDIATRIC RHEUMATOLOGY INPATIENTS

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (9) ◽  
pp. e2.40-e2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Paget
Keyword(s):  
Unit Cost ◽  
Financial Impact ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Dose Unit ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Retrospective Data Collection ◽  
Audit Standard ◽  
Funding Mechanisms ◽  
Saving Measure ◽  
Electronic Prescriptions

BackgroundCytokine modulators (adalimumab, infliximab, etanercept, anakinra, canakinumab, rituximab, tocilizumab and abatacept) are high-cost biologics used primarily in paediatrics to treat patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.1 Funding mechanisms are unreliable and inconsistent hence appropriate dose rounding is a key cost-saving measure.2 However, there is a lack of evidence-based guidance for dose rounding in paediatrics.3 Aims and objectivesDetermine if 100% of inpatient cytokine modulator prescriptions in rheumatology are dose rounded up or down to the nearest whole vial, pen or syringe if within 5 or 10% of the dose for patients less or more than 10 kg respectively.Establish financial impact of drug wastage due to failures in dose rounding.MethodRetrospective data collection of electronic prescriptions for all cytokine modulators prescribed for rheumatology inpatients from January 2011 to December 2014. Prescriptions analysed using a five step process to determine if doses could have been rounded to nearest whole dose unit. Cost of waste resulting from failure to dose round also calculated.ResultsOnly 35% (380/1100) of prescriptions rounded to the nearest whole dose unit therefore audit standard not met. 97% (698/720) of all prescriptions not dose rounded were for tocilizumab and infliximab with approximate annual wastage of £11,000. Unexpected and significant unavoidable wastage identified due to lack of paediatric-friendly dose unit sizes, particularly for canakinumab (approximately £740,000/year).DiscussionAppropriate dose rounding does not appear to be common practice. Raising awareness and educating rheumatology and pharmacy teams as well as establishing local dose banding or rounding guidelines may improve future results. Tocilizumab is available in 80 mg, 200 mg and 400 mg vials therefore there is scope for flexibility in dose rounding if combinations are used appropriately. Unavoidable waste may be reduced through use of pharmacy central intravenous additive service (CIVAS) for preparation or use of biosimilars.

scholarly journals Persistence of statin treatment – the impact of analytic method when estimating drug survival

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oteiza Francisco ◽  
Hanna Isabel Løyland ◽  
Christoffer Bugge ◽  
Ivar Sønbø Kristiansen ◽  
Henrik Støvring
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Duration ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Prescription Database ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Distribution Method ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Dose Unit ◽  
Drug Survival ◽  
The Impact

Background: There is ample evidence for several pharmaceutical treatments that adherence in terms oftreatment duration and dose is suboptimal. The actual drug intake cannot be observed directly in prescriptiondatabases, which only register drug redeemed and a limited number of patient characteristics. Consequently,the actual dose and duration of treatment must be inferred from observed redemptions. Persistence can thenbe expressed as treatment duration (also referred to as drug survival).Method: We used data from the Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD) on redemptions of statins (ATCcodeC10AA) for the period 2010-2019 to explore three methods for determining prescription durations andin turn persistence (treatment duration): (i) The DDD-method using the number of DDD redeemed; (ii) Thedose-unit approach using the number of tablets redeemed; (iii) The reverse waiting time distribution method(WTD), which estimates prescription duration as the 90th percentile of the distribution within which patientsin ongoing treatment will have a new subsequent redemption. The three methods for estimating prescriptionduration were then used to estimate treatment duration using Kaplan Meier (KM) survival functions. For theDDD-method and the dose-unit approach we conducted sensitivity analyses assuming that one DDD or onetablet would last for 1.00, 1.25 or 2.00 days. We also tested the impact of grace periods in sensitivity analyses.Results: Treatment duration and drug survival varied substantially for the same patients depending on thechosen method, duration of a DDD or a tablet, and inclusion of grace periods. The 25th percentile of treatmentduration was 100 days for the DDD approach with one DDD per day, 100 days with the dose-unit approachwith one tablet per day and 453 days with the WTD approach.Conclusion: When estimating treatment duration from prescription databases one should be aware that thesemeasures of persistence are highly influenced by the chosen methodology. The choice of method should beinformed by the clinical context with a preference for use of methods based on a formal model.

Special State Standard of absorbed dose unit of x-ray radiation with maximum photon energy from 3 to 9 fJ (20?60 keV)

1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-411
Author(s):  
R. F. Kononova ◽  
A. P. Sebekin ◽  
V. I. Fominykh ◽  
M. F. Yudin
Keyword(s):  
Photon Energy ◽  
State Standard ◽  
Absorbed Dose ◽  
Special State Standard ◽  
Dose Unit ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Maximum Photon
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