The perceived importance and gender differences in Missouri public high school assistant principalship duty delegation for promotion preparation

To date, the studies on disagreement strategies in Chinese mainly focus on adults, and relevant research on senior high school students is rare. This study intends to explore gender differences in Chinese senior high school students’ use of disagreement strategies. By adopting a discourse completion task (DCT) and modified Yang’s classification of disagreement strategies (2015), we designed an open-ended questionnaire survey of 12 situations with three social factors (social distance, social status, and sex of hearer) which was distributed among 100 Chinese senior high school students. Then we analyzed all the 96 valid survey responses and did a T-test. The results show that the distribution of disagreement strategies is uneven, with Softened Disagreement Strategy (SDS, 96.96%) dominating, and that there exist significant gender differences in Chinese senior high school students’ use of Neither Softened Nor Strengthened Disagreement Strategy (NSNSDS) (p=0.0330.05). The present study contributes to the understanding of disagreement and gender differences in disagreement strategies and offers implications to communication and EFL teaching for Chinese teenagers.

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Swedish high-school pupils’ attitudes towards drugs in relation to drug usage, impulsiveness and other risk factors

10.7287/peerj.preprints.254v2 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Fariba Mousavi ◽

Danilo Garcia ◽

Alexander Jimmefors ◽

Trevor Archer ◽

Béatrice M Ewalds-Kvist

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High School ◽

Gender Differences ◽

Drug Use ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Drug Users ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Drug Usage ◽

Positive Attitudes ◽

And Gender

Background: Illicit drug use influences people’s lives and elicits unwanted here is an increase in young people’s drug use in Sweden. This study aimed to investigate Swedish high-school pupils’ attitudes, impulsiveness and gender differences linked to drug use. Also risk and protective factors relative to drug use were a focus of interest. Method: High school pupils (n = 146) aged 17- 21 years, responded to the Adolescent Health and Development Inventory, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and Knowledge, and the Attitudes and Beliefs. Direct logistic, multiple regression analyses, and Multivariate Analysis of Variance were used to analyse the data. Results: Positive Attitudes towards drugs was predicted by risk factors (odds ratio = 37.31) and gender (odds ratio = .32). Risk factors (odds ratio = 46.89), positive attitudes towards drugs (odds ratio = 4.63), and impulsiveness (odds ratio = 1.11) predicted drug usage. Risk factors dimensions Family, Friends and Individual Characteristic were positively related to impulsiveness among drug users. Moreover, although males reported using drugs to a greater extent, but female expressed more positive attitude towards drugs and even reported more impulsiveness than male students. Conclusion: This study reinforces the idea that research must focus on gender differences relative to pro-drug attitudes along with testing for differences in the predictors of girls’ and boys’ delinquency and impulsiveness. Positive attitudes towards drugs among adolescents seem to be part of a vicious circle including risk factors, such as friendly drug environments (e.g., friends who use drugs) and unsupportive family environments, individual characteristics, and impulsiveness.

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