French court in the 16th century: between the Golden and the Iron age. On the book by V.V. Shishkin

In this paper, I discuss a potential market place for theexchange of goods at Sandtorg in Harstad municipality,Troms and Finnmark county during the Iron Age and theMiddle Ages. Recently, a total of 125 objects were uncoveredon a farm, previously only mentioned in written sources inthe mid-16th century. Finds of jewelry, silver, coins, weightand metal waste from the Viking Age suggest that exchangeof goods started at the site somewhere between AD 800 and 900. Further finds indicate that there were exchangegoods here throughout the Middle Ages and onwards to thehistorically documented trade. At the location, excavationshave uncovered a far larger amount of metalworking wastethan one would expect on an ordinary farm. This included lead, copper alloys, iron and silver. The finds indicate asmithy close to the Viking Age beach level and may suggestconstruction and repair of sea vessels at the site. AroundSandtorg there are no known Viking Age graves, indicatingthat Sandtorg did not have a large permanent population,and consequently was not a large marketplace. However,it is possible that the market function was combined withservices such as repairs or construction of seagoing vesselsand guesthouses for travelers. If so, the activity at Sandtorg may have been significant.

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Studies on Roman coin finds from the Central European Barbaricum in the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University – an overview

Recherches Archéologique Nouvelle Serie ◽

10.33547/rechacrac.ns10.07 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

pp. 207-229

Author(s):

Jarosław Bodzek ◽

Kamil Kopij ◽

Szymon Jellonek ◽

Barbara Zając

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Iron Age ◽

16Th Century ◽

Central European ◽

Classical Archaeology ◽

Roman Coins ◽

Post War ◽

The University ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Research Centres

A direct successor of the oldest tradition of academic archaeology in Poland, the Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University ranks among the leading research centres with respect to studies on the influx of Roman coins into European Barbaricum. The interest in Roman coinage at the Jagiellonian University pre-dates archaeology and can be traced back to the 16th century and the professors of the Kraków Academy (the name of the university at that time) Maciej of Miechów (1457–1523) and Stanisław Grzebski (1524–1570). In the 19th century, Roman coins discovered in the vicinity of Kraków attracted the interest of Jerzy Samuel Bandtke (1768–1835). However, the time when this area of research enjoyed particular development falls to the last years before WWII and the post-war period. A significant role in this respect was played by researchers either representing the JU Institute of Archaeology, like Professors Rudolf Jamka (1906–1972), Kazimierz Godłowski (1934–1995), and Piotr Kaczanowski (1944–2015), or those cooperating with the Institute like Professor Stefan Skowronek (1928–2019). Their activity laid the foundations for today’s research on the finds of Roman coins and their inflow into the territories of the Roman Period Barbaricum. Currently, this area of studies is within the focus of two of the departments of the Institute of Archaeology: the Department of Iron Age Archaeology and the Department of Classical Archaeology. The intensification of research on the inflow of Roman coins owes much to the Finds of Roman coins in Poland and connected with PL project, carried out in 2014–2018 under the leadership of Professor Aleksander Burshe, with important contributions provided by a group of scholars from the JU Institute of Archaeology. Despite the conclusion of the project, studies on the inflow of Roman coins will continue.12345

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OSL Dating of Earthen Mortars from a Medieval Building in Northwestern Spain: Crypt of Basílica da AscensiÓn (Allariz, Ourense)

Radiocarbon ◽

10.1017/rdc.2020.70 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 62 (3) ◽

pp. 679-692

Author(s):

Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez ◽

Rebeca Blanco-Rotea ◽

Marco V García-Quintela ◽

Christopher Ian Burbidge

Keyword(s):

Iron Age ◽

Optically Stimulated Luminescence ◽

Osl Dating ◽

16Th Century ◽

Historical Buildings ◽

Nw Spain ◽

Late Medieval ◽

Grain Sizes ◽

Northwestern Spain ◽

Partial Bleaching

ABSTRACTThere are few papers that focus on optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of earthen mortars. These mortars are abundant in historical buildings in northwestern Spain. The Basílica da AscensiónyForno da Santa building is an unfinished church built on a previous structure that was transformed into a crypt (Allariz, Ourense, NW Spain). Previous archaeological studies established a sequence of phases of construction, the first dating back to the Iron Age, with significant changes occurring in the Early and Late Medieval ages. The only datable material in the crypt is earthen mortar. Thus, eight mortar samples (seven joint mortars and one wall infill) were taken, seven of them dated by OSL. The dose rate was assessed, and the expected equivalent doses estimated based on the established archaeological age. Several grain sizes (from fine to coarse) were used in small multigrain aliquots to assess the equivalent doses and ages. No evidence of partial bleaching was observed in most samples and grain sizes. The resulting ages are younger than expected for most samples. This is explained by the fact that joints were repaired with new mortar from the 16th century onwards.

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Leonardo’s Skull and the Complex Symbolism of Holbein’s “Ambassadors”

Journal of Research in Philosophy and History ◽

10.22158/jrph.v4n1p36 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. p36

Author(s):

Christopher W. Tyler, Ph.D., D.Sc.

Keyword(s):

Historical Context ◽

16Th Century ◽

Black Death ◽

Henry Viii ◽

Memento Mori ◽

Explicit Reference ◽

French Court

The depiction of memento mori such as skulls was a niche artistic trend symbolizing the contemplation of mortality that can be traced back to the privations of the Black Death in the 1340s, but became popular in the mid-16th century. Nevertheless, the anamorphism of the floating skull in Hans Holbein’s ‘The Ambassadors’ of 1533, though much discussed as a clandestine wedding commemoration, has never been satisfactorily explained in its historical context as a diplomatic gift to the French ambassadors to the court of Henry VIII who were in the process of negotiations with the Pope for his divorce. Consideration of Holbein’s youthful trips to Italy and France suggest that he may have been substantially influenced by exposure to Leonardo da Vinci’s works, and that the skull may have been an explicit reference to Leonardo’s anamorphic demonstrations for the French court at Amboise, and hence a homage to the cultural interests of the French ambassadors of the notable Dinteville family for whom the painting was a destined. This hypothesis is supported by iconographic analysis of works by Holbein and Leonardo’s followers in the School of Fontainebleau in combination with literary references to its implicit symbolism.

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Neolithic House—Types in Temperate Europe

Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society ◽

10.1017/s0079497x00019216 ◽

1949 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

pp. 77-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. Gordon Childe

Keyword(s):

Iron Age ◽

First World War ◽

16Th Century ◽

Stone Age ◽

World War ◽

The Earth ◽

The First World War ◽

Temperate Europe ◽

First World

Ten years ago the prehistoric soil of Europe was literally riddled with ‘pit dwellings’ in which our ancestors slept and cooked, huddled together like soldiers in a bell tent. I suppose it was wraithes from Tacitus and Xiphilinus combining in the minds of 16th century antiquaries with more exact travellers' tales of the earth lodges of the Red Indians that caused this overcrowding of the pits. For the holes in the ground are there right enough: it is only in the last ten years that Bersu and Paret have evicted their human occupants to make room for the pigs and weevils these would properly accommodate. Thanks to them we realize that neither Stone Age Danubians nor Iron Age Britons were housed in subterranean silos or semi-subterranean sties. But it is only fair to remark that Laszlo and Marton in Hungary and Schuchhardt in Germany before the first world war had identified commodious houses built above the ground on a frame of stout posts. Today it is plain that such farm houses were normal from the beginning of the new stone age wherever excavators' technique is adequate for their recognition, and it is to their description that I must devote most of this sketch.

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Electrochemical nucleation and growth of copper on iron and aluminum: A TEM study of industrial copper cementation

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100109410 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 454-455

Author(s):

L.E. Murr ◽

V. Annamalai

Keyword(s):

Metal Surface ◽

Copper Deposit ◽

Nucleation And Growth ◽

16Th Century ◽

Electrochemical Reactions ◽

Mine Shaft ◽

De Re ◽

Copper Precipitation ◽

Electrochemical Nucleation ◽

Interesting System

Georgius Agricola in 1556 in his classical book, “De Re Metallica”, mentioned a strange water drawn from a mine shaft near Schmölnitz in Hungary that eroded iron and turned it into copper. This precipitation (or cementation) of copper on iron was employed as a commercial technique for producing copper at the Rio Tinto Mines in Spain in the 16th Century, and it continues today to account for as much as 15 percent of the copper produced by several U.S. copper companies.In addition to the Cu/Fe system, many other similar heterogeneous, electrochemical reactions can occur where ions from solution are reduced to metal on a more electropositive metal surface. In the case of copper precipitation from solution, aluminum is also an interesting system because of economic, environmental (ecological) and energy considerations. In studies of copper cementation on aluminum as an alternative to the historical Cu/Fe system, it was noticed that the two systems (Cu/Fe and Cu/Al) were kinetically very different, and that this difference was due in large part to differences in the structure of the residual, cement-copper deposit.

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