From P/E Ratio to Fuzzy Infinite Spreadsheet—Mathematically Rigorous Derivations of the Zeroth and the First Order Solutions of Rate of Return

The P/E Ratio (Price/Earning) is one of the most popular concepts in stock analysis, yet its exact interpretation is lacking. Most stock investors know the P/E Ratio as a financial indicator with the useful characteristics of being relatively time-invariant. In this paper, a rigorous mathematical derivation of the P/E Ratio is presented. The derivation shows that, in addition to its assumptions, the P/E Ratio can be considered the zeroth order solution to the rate of return on investment. The commonly used concept of the Capitalization Rate (Cap Rate = Net Income / Price) in real estate investment analysis can also be similarly derived as the zeroth order solution of the rate of return on real estate investment. This paper also derives the first order solution to the rate of return (Return = Dividend/Price + Growth) with its assumptions. Both the zeroth and the first order solutions are derived from the exact future accounting equation (Cash Return = Sum of Cash Flow + Cash from Resale). The exact equation has been used in the derivation of the exact solution of the rate of return. Empirically, as an illustration of an actual case, the rates of return are 3%, 73%, and 115% for a stock with 70% growth rate for, respectively, the zeroth order, the first order, and the exact solution to the rate of return; the stock doubled its price in 2004. This paper concludes that the zero-th, the first order, and the exact solution of the rate of return all can be derived mathematically from the same exact equation, which, thus, forms a rigorous mathematical foundation for investment analysis, and that the low order solutions have the very practical use in providing the analytically calculated initial conditions for the iterative numerical calculation for the exact solution. The solution of value belongs to recently classified Culture Level Quotient CLQ = 10 and is in the process of being updated by fuzzy logic with its range of tolerance for predicting market crashes to advance to CLQ = 2.

Impartiality

Famous philosopher Brian Barry defines social justice as impartiality. Bo Rothstein follows his path when defining the concept òf corruption as partiality. Barry argued that his definition no one could “reasonable reject”, i.e., it fulfills the criterion on justice. Wright put forward the idea that action is to be explained by “the thing to do”, i.e., what is reasonable. Perhaps, then partiality is the thing not to do because reasonable rejected?

Aesthetic Determinants in the Pottery Tradition of the Urhobo People of Nigeria’S Niger Delta

Pottery practice is one of the three-dimensional enterprises of the Urhobo people who inhabit part of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The people are also known for the production of massive sculptures in wood and mud. Many of the pottery products of the people are, as is the case with their sculptures, configurations of volumes. The expressiveness of these pots is, in part, determined by the way in which the constituting volumes meet each other. In most literature that is available on this art practice of the people, this structural feature is diminished in importance or not considered as a contributing element to the general aesthetics of the ware. This paper interrogates the structural elements that constitute the pots. This is done by dissembling the pots into their structural components (volumes) and analyzing the manner of their coming together to constitute the pot. The findings show that two basic transitions are used as aesthetic attributes in the pottery products from the study area. The study also reaffirms that the extent to which an object satisfies the purpose for which it is made is a strong determinant of the aesthetic value ascribed to the object by a people.

An Analysis of Zeno’s Paradox and Non-measurable Sets Based on Dialectical Infinity

The Problem of Continuity and Discreteness is the basic problem of philosophy and mathematics. For a long time, there is no clear understanding of this problem, which leads to the stagnation of the problem, because the essence of the problem is a problem of finity and infinity. The essence of the philosophical thought on which the mathematical definition of “line segment is composed of dots” is the idea of actual infinity, and geometric dot is equivalent to algebraic zero in terms of measure properties. In view of the above contradictions, this paper presents two solutions satisfying both the philosophical and mathematical circles based on the view of dialectical infinity, and the authors make a deep analysis of Zeno’s paradox and the non-measurable set based on both solutions.

Techne’s Twofold Effects: Revelation and Manifestation as Factors in Its Practical Applications

Although it might be said that techne describes a mechanism that concerns all practical endeavors, it could also be said that the result of techne’s twofold effects concern the being of reality. Regardless of how reality is conceived, it may be described as the convergence of humanity (subjects) and the world (objects) within the context of the former’s practicality that indicates a process of becoming. The first of these effects concerns the idea of revelation that is essential as the cause of any manifestation, and the second of these effects concerns manifestation as the fulfillment of any revelation. Nevertheless, revelation is more important because not only is it a cause, it is also demonstrative of a process in which manifestation occurs. Due to the difference between these two effects, this mechanism is indicative of the innate relationship between what is (being) and what could be (becoming) from neither (non-being). Techne contains an intensity of far-reaching possibilities that reveals and manifests a process of becoming that is projected, when practically applied, as the purpose of its being. In this sense, it is the seminal word for any technological endeavor.

Modern Evolutionist Naturalism And Šankara’s Arguments Contra Sankhya

This comparative study aims at juxtaposition of modern Western naturalistic evolutionism and the mostly similar attitude in the classic Indian philosophy in the shape of Sankhya’s cosmology in the context of their corresponding critiques by contemporary creationists and Advaita-Vedanta. The long and pointed polemics with Sankhya in the Brahmasutrabhasya by Šankaracharya (7th-8th centuries A.D.) is in the focus of this investigation along with numerous references to the Sankhya-karika by Isvarakrsna (5th century A.D.) as the basic text of the philosophical school criticized by its most powerful opponent. Comparing Western and Indian evolutionism reveals some very important differences to such a degree that the Indian species of the genus would be, in the author’s opinion, better identified as not evolutionism in the strict sense but as a “développisme” combining features of evolutionism with those of emanationism. As to Sankhya’s naturalism, it turns to be much more “sophisticated” than that, e.g., of Thomas Huxley or the so-called New Atheists because its “stuff” is more psychological than material. Nevertheless, crucial logical gaps remain the same in both cases (along with an antitheistic “faith” instead of rationalism), while their taking into account by opponents of naturalism offers a challenge for comparative philosophical theology.

Why Is It so Difficult to Make a Paradigm Change?

Difficulties of proposing a new idea against a standstill or stagnated paradigm are described. In order to achieve a breakthrough or paradigm change, one requires a creative data assembly, the sense of timing, confidence, courage, patience, endurance and even a wit. A few suggestions are made to overcome the difficulties.

The Kingdom of Jordan: The Eye of the Hurricane in a Turbulent Middle East

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, situated not only physically at the center of the world has also been the center of some of its most significant moments. These involved the Kingdom’s role in supporting peace between Israel and Egypt alongside former President and Humanitarian Jimmy Carter. Carter, demonized for his Southern style and failures in the Middle East, especially during the Iran Hostage Crisis, engineered one of its greatest diplomatic feats ever: Peace between ancient enemies, Israel and Egypt. Their long-standing vendetta which had real consequences for centuries nearly moved the modern world to the brink of World War 3. In stepped President Carter, Anwar Sadat, Menachem Begin and eventually, the Royal Family of Jordan and all that changed. In this paper I would like to explore the personalities, roles and conditions that brought them together, re-celebrate their achievements, and challenge the world to model their characters and repeat their successes. Once again or even still, Israel is the pearl in the Middle Eastern oyster, and a weary world is eager move on. It is my hope my research will give us an inkling where to begin a process that could once again prevent a Global Conflict.

Sources of Inspiration in the Early Life of Leonardo da Vinci

Although the early life of Leonardo da Vinci in Florence seems singularly unproductive, particularly considering the acknowledged breadth of his genius, an inferential examination of his early work reveals an interesting scope of likely activities. A self-referential element is his only signed and dated work, a landscape drawing, which is identified as a likely commemoration of the date of his conception in Vinci, a unique concept in art historical analysis. To develop a fuller picture of his accomplishments in this early period requires an interconnected series of analyses and reappraisals, including an interpretation of the otherwise puzzling set of young men in red caps painted by Botticelli as the incipiently famous group of artists that trained in Verrocchio’s bottega. These analyses fill out the picture of Leonardo’s formative years in the hillsides and towns around Vinci, as not only a precocious artist based on exposure to works by famous artists before leaving Vinci, but as a handsome studio model, an extempore musician, a leading member of the redcap band of remarkable apprentices in Medici Florence, an engineering assistant to his master Verrocchio, and a collaborative associate of the pioneering group of Florentine perspectivists including Uccello and Toscanelli in their later years.

A Philosophical Reexamination of Durkheim’s Socio-political Deviation

Durkheim’s theory of deviation has powerfully influenced the scholars of sociology. His idea is still one of the fundamental theories in sociology. Durkheim’s whole investigation is threefold: first, to establish a framework of theory; second, to solidify it once established; and third, to promote its greater perfection. In general, Durkheim’s establishment of this framework was fruitful. This paper attempts: 1) to re-formalize the rules of socio-political deviation; 2) to re-correlate socio-political deviation and other socio-political phenomena; 3) to re-justify the necessity and causality of socio-political. We can concede that Durkheim was an original deviser of a blueprint for a new theoretical mansion, but at the same time, one should realize that he was also a failure as a builder of this construction.