scholarly journals The Turn of 20th Contemporary Art under the Big Social Crisis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bijun Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Great Depression ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Modern World ◽  
World War ◽  
Art Exhibitions ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Art Form ◽  
The People ◽  
1918 Influenza ◽  
Second World

The current COVID-19 pandemic has immensely impacted artists and their artwork. Such as the spread of the epidemic has led to the emergence of a new art form-NFT and so on, and also made online art exhibitions and virtual spaces became a popular way of viewing exhibitions. The same applies to the 20th century, artists knew that they had entered a unique and modern age of artistic expression. The modern world would bring both opportunities and challenges to the people. Historical evidence has shown that art is a highly dynamic field characterized by its ever-changing nature. Characterized by various social crises such as the Great Depression, 1918 Influenza Pandemic, First World War, and the Second World War, among many others. The Great Depression of the 1930s influenced art, particularly painting, to a great extent. During the depression, art became a tool for reflecting the current conditions, social critique, and activism.

“We Have to Wait for Riots and Disturbances,” 1931–1941

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-86
Author(s):  
Luke Messac
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
World War ◽  
Government Health ◽  
New Rhetoric ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Second World

This chapter demonstrates the recrudescence of neglect during and after the Great Depression. Waves of civil and labor unrest compelled the Colonial Office and Treasury to raise levels of health-care spending in many imperial holdings. But Nyasaland, viewed as a relatively insignificant and peaceful backwater, received little of this funding. A reformist colonial physician, H.S. de Boer, advocated for expanded government health services for subject Africans, but London officials largely dismissed these proposals as inappropriate applications of metropolitan living standards to colonial settings. Even new rhetoric and legislation in support of colonial welfare at the start of the Second World War did not bring meaningful improvements in health care for Nyasaland’s subject Africans.

scholarly journals Le corporazioni oltre lo Stato

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrizio Amore Bianco
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Real Options ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
New Order ◽  
World War ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Second World

During the Great Depression, projects for exporting corporativism and its institutions abroad as a universal way to economic recovery and social justice were not only propaganda tools of Mussolini’s regime. They were debated as real options within some fascist circles up until the Ethiopian war and the planning for an Italian ‘Imperial Autarchy’. After Italy’ intervention into the Second World War, the possibility of exporting corporativism and its institutions was reconsidered with renewed attention in the perspective of the ‘New Order’. This essay aims to analyse the main developments and outcomes of such a debate, concentrating on some projects for international corporations since the thirties up until the Second World War.

‘A Low Dishonest Decade’?

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony Adamthwaite
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
International Society ◽  
International System ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
World War ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Second World ◽  
Ideas And Institutions

This analysis of the origins of the Second World War in Europe challenges several key ideas of the historiography: the ‘thirty years war’ thesis, the notion of a European civil war, and the stereotyping of the 1930s as a seemingly unstoppable rush to war after the internationalism of the 1920s. There was no sharp contrast between decades—the period only makes sense as a whole. Churchill’s ‘unnecessary war’ was preventable. Alternatives to appeasement existed. Though the study of war origins starts with Hitler, his policies were decisively shaped by the actions of others and the instability of an international system, heavily impacted by the Great Depression and ideology. Miscalculation rather than design explains the war of 1939. The outbreak of war should not obscure the significance of the 1930s as a laboratory for ideas and institutions that came to fruition after 1945 and which continue to shape international society.

The Great Depression in Europe

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Middleton
Keyword(s):  
Great Depression ◽  
Second World War ◽  
European Perspective ◽  
World War ◽  
Individual Country ◽  
Global Context ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
External Balance ◽  
European Economies ◽  
Second World

The Great Depression was a global phenomenon in origin and impact, but one typically viewed through an American lens. This chapter provides a European perspective, detailing and contextualizing European developments within that global context. The focus is not individual country experiences, which were significantly varied, but instead generic forces and factors set within an economist’s framework of the twin problem of attaining simultaneous internal and external balance in an age of marked instability. Three questions are addressed: the scale and scope of the depression and the unevenness of countries’ recoveries by the eve of the Second World War; the general causes, domestic and international, of the depression of the European economies; and the reasons why individual countries fared so differently as they sought to recover from the depression.

scholarly journals Remembering Les Cleveland

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-23
Author(s):  
Michael Jackson
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Great Depression ◽  
Art History ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
World War ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Early Experiences ◽  
The Media ◽  
Second World

As Michael Jackson notes in this profile, Les (Francis Leslie) Cleveland (1921-2014) was a man of many parts. As a New Zealand journalist, political scientist specializing in the media and a photographer, Cleveland is clearly a person of interest for a journal looking at New Zealand’s media and art history. An account of Cleveland’s life could alight on any one of a number of aspects but in this profile the author focuses on his early experiences in the Great Depression and the Second World War as the backstories central to understanding Les Cleveland.

“Immobilized by Reason of Repair” and by the Choice “Between Lithgow and Hitler”

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-77
Author(s):  
Kevin Smith
Keyword(s):  
Great Depression ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Class Conflict ◽  
World War ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Permanent Loss ◽  
Cargo Capacity ◽  
Merchant Shipping ◽  
Second World ◽  
Shipyard Workers

This chapter by Kevin Smith examines Britain's survival in the Second World War and how it depended upon maintaining its lines of maritime communications for overseas supplies. Obsession with anti-submarine warfare obscures examination of complementary British managerial efforts to maximize merchant shipping capacity – especially through the key task of rapid, thorough repair of damaged cargo vessels. An examination of the comparative cost to shipping capacity imposed by submarine attacks and by repair delays illustrates the need to integrate our analysis of the managerial and martial aspects of maritime warfare by suggesting that even after acknowledging the permanent loss of sunken ships, the much larger volume of ships immobilized by reason of repair imposed a comparable reduction in cargo capacity. Consequently, Britain's dependence upon American allocations of newly-built cargo vessels was exacerbated. One especially important impediment to repairing ships (and a legacy of the Great Depression) was bitter class conflict between shipyard workers and shipbuilders, especially the Admiralty Controller of Merchant Shipbuilding and Repair – as well as between that Controller and the Minister of Labour. This chapter suggests new avenues toward situating maritime warfare in a broader context.

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