scholarly journals The Evolution and Spatial Dimensions of Invention in Canada, 1991 - 2011

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
High Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regional Innovation ◽  
Inventive Activity ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
States Patent ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

The rapid development of information technology and medical research in the 21st century is a result of the increasing number of inventions. Inventive activity is thought to be an important catalyst for economic change and increased productivity. In order to measure a location’s inventive potential, different aspects such as geographic location, corporate assistance, and socio-economic factors can be studied. This study examines the spatial distribution and typology of Canadian inventions for the years 1991, 2001, 2006, and 2011, using patent data issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The research results suggest that inventive activity is declining in major metropolitan areas such as Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal. On the other hand, medium-sized metropolitan areas like Ottawa, Calgary, Kitchener-Waterloo, and Saskatoon are experiencing increasing inventiveness. These areas have specialized economies based on high technology and petroleum. The regression analysis shows that regional innovation can be explained by census variables in groups of dwelling type, education level, and industry sector. The analysis also shows Canada has shifted from a manufacturing economy to a high technology and services-based economy.

scholarly journals The Evolution and Spatial Dimensions of Invention in Canada, 1991 - 2011

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiyan Liang
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
High Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Regional Innovation ◽  
Inventive Activity ◽  
Spatial Dimensions ◽  
States Patent ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

The rapid development of information technology and medical research in the 21st century is a result of the increasing number of inventions. Inventive activity is thought to be an important catalyst for economic change and increased productivity. In order to measure a location’s inventive potential, different aspects such as geographic location, corporate assistance, and socio-economic factors can be studied. This study examines the spatial distribution and typology of Canadian inventions for the years 1991, 2001, 2006, and 2011, using patent data issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The research results suggest that inventive activity is declining in major metropolitan areas such as Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal. On the other hand, medium-sized metropolitan areas like Ottawa, Calgary, Kitchener-Waterloo, and Saskatoon are experiencing increasing inventiveness. These areas have specialized economies based on high technology and petroleum. The regression analysis shows that regional innovation can be explained by census variables in groups of dwelling type, education level, and industry sector. The analysis also shows Canada has shifted from a manufacturing economy to a high technology and services-based economy.

The effects of population and housing density in urban areas on income in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-47
Author(s):  
Daniel Hummel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Housing Density ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Urban Density ◽  
Urbanization Economies ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Cities in the United States have become increasingly less dense either from sprawl from rapid development or vacancy due to decline. The benefits and costs of urban density have been a topic of research since the mid-20th century. The effect of urban density on incomes is one of these areas of research. Based on concepts rooted in urbanization economies and social output, it is assumed in this paper that an increase in urban density increases incomes. Urban density is defined as population and housing density. It was found using a cross-sectional lagged mediated multiple regression that population and housing density have statistically significant indirect effects on income in a sample of more than 300 metropolitan areas in the United States. The significant effects of these variables on employment and the effect of employment on income mediated these effects.

scholarly journals Invention as a combinatorial process: evidence from US patents

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (106) ◽  
pp. 20150272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyejin Youn ◽  
Deborah Strumsky ◽  
Luis M. A. Bettencourt ◽  
José Lobo
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quantitative Characterization ◽  
Inventive Activity ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Patented Inventions ◽  
States Patent ◽  
Combinatorial Process

Invention has been commonly conceptualized as a search over a space of combinatorial possibilities. Despite the existence of a rich literature, spanning a variety of disciplines, elaborating on the recombinant nature of invention, we lack a formal and quantitative characterization of the combinatorial process underpinning inventive activity. Here, we use US patent records dating from 1790 to 2010 to formally characterize invention as a combinatorial process. To do this, we treat patented inventions as carriers of technologies and avail ourselves of the elaborate system of technology codes used by the United States Patent and Trademark Office to classify the technologies responsible for an invention's novelty. We find that the combinatorial inventive process exhibits an invariant rate of ‘exploitation’ (refinements of existing combinations of technologies) and ‘exploration’ (the development of new technological combinations). This combinatorial dynamic contrasts sharply with the creation of new technological capabilities—the building blocks to be combined—that has significantly slowed down. We also find that, notwithstanding the very reduced rate at which new technologies are introduced, the generation of novel technological combinations engenders a practically infinite space of technological configurations.

Diminishing Barriers to the Praxis Examination in Communication Sciences and Disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-71
Author(s):  
Luis F. Riquelme
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Success For All ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Barriers To Success ◽  
Call To Action ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
National Certification ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Passing Score

Abstract Passing the Praxis Examination in speech-language pathology or audiology can be a difficult task. A passing score is the entry to a list of requirements for national certification (CCC-SLP, CCC-A) and for state licensure in the United States. This article will provide current information on the examination and address barriers to success that have been identified over the years. A call to action may serve to refocus efforts on improving access to success for all test-takers regardless of race/ethnicity, ability, or geographic location.

scholarly journals Rapid Deployment of an Algorithm to Triage Dental Emergencies During COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon C Perelman ◽  
Steven Erde ◽  
Lynda Torre ◽  
Tunaidi Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Healthcare Systems ◽  
Patient Needs ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Dental Infection ◽  
Screening Algorithm ◽  
Rapid Deployment ◽  
Medical Infrastructure ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract COVID-19 quickly immobilized healthcare systems in the United States during the early stages of the outbreak. While much of the ensuing response focused on supporting the medical infrastructure, Columbia University College of Dental Medicine pursued a solution to triage and safely treat patients with dental emergencies amidst the pandemic. Considering rapidly changing guidelines from governing bodies, dental infection control protocols and our clinical faculty's expertise, we modeled, built, and implemented a screening algorithm, which provides decision support as well as insight into COVID-19 status and clinical comorbidities, within a newly integrated Electronic Health Record (EHR). Once operationalized, we analyzed the data and outcomes of its utilization and found that it had effectively guided providers in triaging patient needs in a standardized methodology. This article describes the algorithm's rapid development to assist faculty providers in identifying patients with the most urgent needs, thus prioritizing treatment of dental emergencies during the pandemic.

scholarly journals A Bibliometric Insight of Genetic Factors in ASD: Emerging Trends and New Developments

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Kang Wang ◽  
Weicheng Duan ◽  
Yijie Duan ◽  
Yuxin Yu ◽  
Xiuyi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Scientific Output ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
De Novo Mutations ◽  
Emerging Trends ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) cases have increased rapidly in recent decades, which is associated with various genetic abnormalities. To provide a better understanding of the genetic factors in ASD, we assessed the global scientific output of the related studies. A total of 2944 studies published between 1997 and 2018 were included by systematic retrieval from the Web of Science (WoS) database, whose scientific landscapes were drawn and the tendencies and research frontiers were explored through bibliometric methods. The United States has been acting as a leading explorer of the field worldwide in recent years. The rapid development of high-throughput technologies and bioinformatics transferred the research method from the traditional classic method to a big data-based pipeline. As a consequence, the focused research area and tendency were also changed, as the contribution of de novo mutations in ASD has been a research hotspot in the past several years and probably will remain one into the near future, which is consistent with the current opinions of the major etiology of ASD. Therefore, more attention and financial support should be paid to the deciphering of the de novo mutations in ASD. Meanwhile, the effective cooperation of multi-research centers and scientists in different fields should be advocated in the next step of scientific research undertaken.

The Rural-Urban Continuum of Polarization: Understanding the Geography of the 2018 Midterms

The Forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Johnson ◽  
Dante J. Scala
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rural America ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Urban America ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Continuum

Abstract This study of the 2018 congressional midterms demonstrates how voting patterns and political attitudes vary across a spectrum of urban and rural areas in the United States. Rural America is no more a monolith than is urban America. The rural-urban gradient is better represented by a continuum than a dichotomy. This is evident in the voting results in 2018, just as it was in 2016. We found that the political tipping point lies beyond major metropolitan areas, in the suburban counties of smaller metropolitan areas. Democrats enjoyed even greater success in densely populated urban areas in 2018 than in 2016. Residents of these urban areas display distinctive and consistent social and political attitudes across a range of scales. At the other end of the continuum in remote rural areas, Republican candidates continued to command voter support despite the challenging national political environment. Voters in these rural regions expressed social and political attitudes diametrically opposed to their counterparts in large urban cores.

scholarly journals Learning Curve Analysis of Wind Power and Photovoltaics Technology in US: Cost Reduction and the Importance of Research, Development and Demonstration

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhou ◽  
Alun Gu
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Learning Curve ◽  
Wind Power ◽  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Development ◽  
Power Utility ◽  
Total Social Cost

The strategic transition from fossil energy to renewable energy is an irreversible global trend, but the pace of renewable energy deployment and the path of cost reduction are uncertain. In this paper, a two-factor learning-curve model of wind power and photovoltaics (PV) was established based on the latest empirical data from the United States, and the paths of cost reduction and corresponding social impacts were explored through scenario analysis. The results demonstrate that both of the technologies are undergoing a period of rapid development, with the learning-by-searching ratio (LSR) being greatly improved in comparison with the previous literature. Research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) have contributed to investment cost reduction in the past decade, and the cost difference between high and low RD&D spending scenarios is predicted to be 5.5%, 8.9%, and 11.27% for wind power, utility-scale PV, and residential PV, respectively, in 2030. Although higher RD&D requires more capital, it can effectively promote cost reduction, reduce the total social cost of deploying renewable energy, and reduce the abatement carbon price that is needed to promote deployment. RD&D and the institutional support behind it are of great importance in allowing renewables to penetrate the commercial market and contribute to long-term social welfare.

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