ABSTRACT
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is often followed by secondary bacterial lung infection, which is a major reason for severe, often fatal pneumonia. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) strains such as USA300 cause particularly severe and difficult-to-treat cases of IAV-associated pneumonia. CA-MRSA strains are known to produce extraordinarily large amounts of phenol-soluble modulin (PSM) peptides, which are important cytotoxins and proinflammatory molecules that contribute to several types of S. aureus infection. However, their potential role in pneumonia has remained elusive. We determined the impact of PSMs on human lung epithelial cells and found that PSMs are cytotoxic and induce the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) in these cells. Both effects were boosted by previous infection with the 2009 swine flu pandemic IAV H1N1 strain, suggesting that PSMs may contribute to lung inflammation and damage in IAV-associated S. aureus pneumonia. Notably, the PSM-producing USA300 strain caused a higher mortality rate than did an isogenic PSM-deficient mutant in a mouse IAV-S. aureus pneumonia coinfection model, indicating that PSMs are major virulence factors in IAV-associated S. aureus pneumonia and may represent important targets for future anti-infective therapies.
The impact of communications about swine flu (influenza A H1N1v) on public responses to the outbreak: results from 36 national telephone surveys in the UK.