Sandwich Method is a Royal Road for Decision of Convergence

Author(s):  
Yoshitaka NAITOH
Keyword(s):  
Author(s):  
Olivier Darrigol

This chapter recounts how Boltzmann reacted to Hermann Helmholtz’s analogy between thermodynamic systems and a special kind of mechanical system (the “monocyclic systems”) by grouping all attempts to relate thermodynamics to mechanics, including the kinetic-molecular analogy, into a family of partial analogies all derivable from what we would now call a microcanonical ensemble. At that time, Boltzmann regarded ensemble-based statistical mechanics as the royal road to the laws of thermal equilibrium (as we now do). In the same period, he returned to the Boltzmann equation and the H theorem in reply to Peter Guthrie Tait’s attack on the equipartition theorem. He also made a non-technical survey of the second law of thermodynamics seen as a law of probability increase.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 1823-1831
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Wang ◽  
Li Ma ◽  
Shijiao Sun ◽  
Tingwei Liu ◽  
Hao Zhou ◽  
...  

We have developed a SERS magnetic immunoassay method based on the principle of sandwich method for rapid and quantitative detection of IL-6. The developed SERS method has the advantages of high sensitivity and detection time is only 15 min.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Etsuo Uchida ◽  
Yuichiro Sakurai ◽  
Rathborith Cheng ◽  
Ichita Shimoda ◽  
Yu Saito

1997 ◽  
Vol 46 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 317-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.N. Mokhov ◽  
M.G. Ramm ◽  
A.D. Roenkov ◽  
Yu.A. Vodakov

1997 ◽  
Vol 482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Vodakov ◽  
E. N. Mokhov ◽  
M. G. Ramm ◽  
M. S. Ramm ◽  
A. D. Roenkov ◽  
...  

AbstractThick epitaxial layers of GaN on SiC and sapphire are grown by using the sublimation sandwich method. It is shown that growth of good quality GaN crystals with the growth rates up to 0.5 mm/hour is possible using this technique. The grown layers have been separated from the seed and free standing GaN crystals up to 15 mm size were obtained.


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