scholarly journals MULTIDIMENSIONAL POVERTY AND INEQUALITY IN NIGERIA, USING THE FIRST ORDER DOMINANCE APPROACH

Author(s):  
Okogun Oluwanishola Abiodun
Author(s):  
Rebeca Olivia Millán-Guerrero ◽  
Ramiro Caballero-Hoyos ◽  
Joel Monárrez-Espino

Abstract Background Recent evidence points to the relevance of poverty and inequality as factors affecting the spread and mortality of the COVID-19 pandemic in Latin America. This study aimed to determine whether COVID-19 patients living in Mexican municipalities with high levels of poverty have a lower survival compared with those living in municipalities with low levels. Methods Retrospective cohort study. Secondary data was used to define the exposure (multidimensional poverty level) and outcome (survival time) among patients diagnosed with COVID-19 between 27 February and 1 July 2020. Crude and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) from Cox regression were computed. Results Nearly 250 000 COVID-19 patients were included. Mortality was 12.3% reaching 59.3% in patients with ≥1 comorbidities. Multivariate survival analyses revealed that individuals living in municipalities with extreme poverty had 9% higher risk of dying at any given time proportionally to those living in municipalities classified as not poor (HR 1.09; 95% CI 1.06–1.12). The survival gap widened with the follow-up time up to the third to fourth weeks after diagnosis. Conclusion Evidence suggests that the poorest population groups have a lower survival from COVID-19. Thus, combating extreme poverty should be a central preventive strategy.


2020 ◽  
Vol 149 (2) ◽  
pp. 585-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Misganaw Teshager Abeje ◽  
Atsushi Tsunekawa ◽  
Nigussie Haregeweyn ◽  
Zemen Ayalew ◽  
Zerihun Nigussie ◽  
...  

2015 ◽  
Vol 54 (4I-II) ◽  
pp. 685-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maqbool H. Sial ◽  
Asma Noreen ◽  
Rehmat Ullah Awan

The key development objective of Pakistan, since its existence, has been to reduce poverty, inequality and to improve the condition of its people. While this goal seems very important in itself yet is also necessary for the eradication of other social, political and economic problems. The objective to eradicate poverty has remained same but methodology to analysing this has changed. It can be said that failure of most of the poverty strategies is due to lack of clear choice of poverty definition. A sound development policy including poverty alleviation hinges upon accurate and well-defined measurements of multidimensional socio-economic characteristics which reflect the ground realities confronting the poor and down trodden rather than using some abstract/income based criteria for poverty measurement. Conventionally welfare has generally been measured using income or expenditures criteria. Similarly, in Pakistan poverty has been measured mostly in uni-dimension, income or expenditures variables. However, recent literature on poverty has pointed out some drawbacks in measuring uni-dimensional poverty in terms of money. It is argued that uni-dimensional poverty measures are insufficient to understand the wellbeing of individuals. Poverty is a multidimensional concept rather than a unidimensional. Uni-dimensional poverty is unable to capture a true picture of poverty because poverty is more than income deprivation


2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-69
Author(s):  
Finn Kenneth Hansen ◽  
M. Azhar Hussain

Hvordan måler man fattigdom forstået, som det ikke at kunne klare sig selv, i det samfund man lever i? Fattigdomsopgørelser er ofte baseret på indkomst, som siger noget om mulighederne, men ikke noget om faktisk levevis. Der er derfor behov for metoder, som mere direkte belyser, hvad det vil sige ikke at kunne klare sig selv. I den sammenhæng har fattigdomsforskere peget på konsekvenser i form af afsavn. Den engelske fattigdomsforsker Peter Townsend var banebrydende inden for området. Artiklen sætter fokus på afsavnsbegrebet, dets oprindelse, anvendelse og udbredelse og peger på metodiske problemer ved afsavnsopgørelser. Det diskuteres, om der findes et indkomstniveau, under hvilket afsavnene er væsentligt mere omfattende end over dette indkomstniveau – altså findes knækket (kink), eller er der snarere tale om et missing link mellem afsavn og økonomisk levestandard? Afsavnstilgangens anvendelighed i Danmark, EU og globalt, samt over tid problematiseres. Den seneste udvikling i teoretiske bidrag til opgørelse af flere samtidige afsavn præsenteres, herunder Foster & Alkires multidimensionale mål for fattigdom og Arndt et al.s first order dominance-kriterie. Endelig illustreres afsavnstilgangen dels ved at se på afsavn blandt modtagere af de laveste sociale ydelser sammenlignet med andre forsørgelsesgrupper og dels ved en præsentation af afsavn i en EU-sammenhæng. ENGELSK ABSTRACT: Finn Kenneth Hansen and M. Azhar Hussain: Deprivation: Calculating the Extent of Poverty Poverty is often based on income, which says something about the possibilities of providing for oneself, but nothing about real living conditions. Therefore we need methods to measure more precisely what it means to not be able to provide for oneself. To do so, poverty researchers have identified the consequences of poverty in terms of deprivation. Peter Townsend has been the leading scholar in this research field. This article focuses on the concept of deprivation, its origin, use and dissemination, and also points out the methodological problems of measuring deprivation. One of the debates is whether there is an income level below which deprivation is almost absolute – or whether there is a missing link between deprivation and income. The article analyses the deprivation approach in Denmark, EU and globally, and over time. Recent developments in theoretical contributions to the compilation of multiple deprivation measures are presented, including Foster & Alkire’s multidimensional poverty measure and Arndt et al.’s first order dominance criterion. Finally, we analyze deprivation among recipients of the lowest benefits in Denmark as compared to other groups in the country employing these theoretical approaches, and then present deprivation in an EU context. Key words: Poverty, deprivation, methodology, multidimensional, EU.


Author(s):  
Jean-Yves Duclos ◽  
Luca Tiberti

This chapter reviews and assesses issues involved in the measurement of multidimensional poverty, in particular the soundness of the various “axioms” and properties often imposed on poverty indices. It argues that some of these properties (such as those relating poverty and inequality) may be sound in a unidimensional setting but not so in a multidimensional one. Second, it addresses critically some of the features of recently proposed multidimensional poverty indices, in particular the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) recently put forward by the United Nations Development Program. The MPI suffers from several unattractive features that need to be better understood (given the prominence of the index). The MPI fails in particular to meet all of three properties that one would expect multidimensional poverty indices to obey: continuity, monotonicity, and sensitivity to multiple deprivation. Robustness techniques to address some of the shortcomings of the use of such indices are briefly advocated.


Author(s):  
Stefania M. L. Rimoldi ◽  
Alberto Arcagni ◽  
Marco Fattore ◽  
Elisa Barbiano di Belgiojoso

Abstract In this paper, we apply the novel Fuzzy First-Order Dominance (F-FOD) methodology to rank migrant subpopulations in Lombardy (Italy), in terms of multidimensional poverty and social fragility, for the year 2014, with the purpose to possibly provide useful support to policy-makers, in targeting relief interventions from poverty and discomfort. The F-FOD methodology allows for the direct comparison of different distributions of poverty and fragility, assessed by means of suitable ordinal multi-indicator systems, so extending to this more complex setting, the usual univariate first-order dominance criterion. It also provides complimentary “incomparability” scores, to assess to what extent the final rankings are reliable or instead forcing. It turns out that the levels of poverty and fragility of migrant subpopulations are quite different and, in particular, that the time since migrations has a key impact, on the identification of most critical cases, which typically involve recently migrated people. Evidence also emerges that the temporal poverty/fragility trajectories of migrants, distinguished by country of origin, follow different paths, suggesting how policy interventions must be properly, and differently, tuned to be effective.


2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (03) ◽  
pp. 727-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUMEI ZHANG ◽  
MATEUSZ J. FILIPSKI ◽  
KEVIN Z. CHEN

We analyze the effects of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) on poverty, using micro-level household data from 17 villages in a poor area of China’s Guizhou province. A four-wave panel dataset allows us to follow NCMS through its reforms. First-order impact assessments suggest NCMS helps reduce the poverty rate by up to 3 percentage points, and the poverty gap by up to 15 percentage points. It also reduces the contribution of health expenditures to inequality as measured by Gini coefficient. The benefits of NCMS in terms of poverty and inequality appear considerably larger after major reforms in 2009, which expanded benefits and coverage.


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