scholarly journals Is the Use of Road Salt and Chemical Deicers Worth the Costs? A Call for Environmentally Sustainable Winter Road Operations

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Road Salt ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Winter Road ◽  
Chemical Deicers

scholarly journals Road Salt Damage to Historical Milestones Indicates Adaptation of Winter Roads to Future Climate Change May Damage Arctic Cultural Heritage

Climate ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Hans Antonson ◽  
Philip Buckland ◽  
Göran Blomqvist
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Road Salt ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Anthropogenic Source ◽  
Adaptation Measures ◽  
Winter Snow ◽  
Winter Road

There is no doubt that anthropogenic global warming is accelerating damage to cultural heritage. Adaptation measures are required to reduce the loss of sites, monuments and remains. However, little research has been directed towards understanding potential impacts of climate adaptation measures in other governmental sectors on cultural heritage. We provide a case study demonstrating that winter road salt, used to reduce ice related accidents, damages historical iron milestones. As the climate warms, road salt use will move north into areas where sites have been protected by contiguous winter snow cover. This will expose Artic/sub-Arctic cultural heritage, including Viking graves and Sami sites, to a new anthropogenic source of damage. Research and planning should therefore include the evaluation of secondary impacts when choosing climate adaptation strategies.

Stream Chloride Monitoring Program of City of Toronto: Implications of Road Salt Application

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nandana Perera ◽  
Bahram Gharabaghi ◽  
Peter Noehammer
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Road Salt ◽  
Stream Water Quality ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Road Salts ◽  
Winter Road ◽  
The City ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Abstract In cold regions, winter road safety is a major challenge for municipalities and provincial highway transportation agencies. Road salt is widely used to improve winter road conditions, but concerns have been raised about the effects of road salts on the environment. This paper describes a water quality monitoring program designed to measure both background chloride concentrations and the effects of road salt application on stream water quality in four watersheds (Humber River, Don River, Highland Creek, and Morningside tributary of Rouge River) located within the City of Toronto boundary. The effect of road salts on stream water quality was evaluated based on chloride concentration because of its conservative nature. A bilinear correlation was developed to transform measured specific conductance levels in stream water to chloride concentrations. There are no Ontario aquatic fresh water quality guidelines for chloride, but chloride concentrations in almost all the monitored streams in Toronto periodically exceeded chronic and acute chloride threshold levels of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The City of Toronto has been proactive in its efforts to implement management practices to reduce the impact of road salt application on the environment while maintaining safe driving conditions for its road users. Normalized salt application rates in Toronto have been on a gradual declining trend in the last decade from about 0.08 to 0.07 tonnes of salt applied per centimetre of snowfall per kilometre of lane. With public safety in mind, further reductions in salt application rates are being considered to reduce the adverse environmental effects to acceptable limits.

Comprehensive Study of the Performance of Winter Tires on Ice, Snow, and Asphalt Roads: The Influence of Tire Type and Wear

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mattias Hjort ◽  
Olle Eriksson ◽  
Fredrik Bruzelius
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Performance ◽  
Testing Facility ◽  
Recorded Data ◽  
Winter Road ◽  
Tire Testing ◽  
Tire Forces ◽  
Real Traffic ◽  
Real Vehicle ◽  
Comprehensive Study

ABSTRACT This work presents a comprehensive study of the performance of winter tires on snow, ice, and asphalt. A set of 77 different winter tires were carefully selected for the study. Of these, 27 were new and 50 were worn from real traffic use. All three tire types for winter conditions (Nordic, European, and studded) were represented. All tires have been tested using a mobile tire-testing device for snow and asphalt and using a stationary tire-testing facility for ice. Both devices recorded the tire forces and motions, enabling a close to complete stationary characterization of the tires. In addition, 42 of the tires were tested on a passenger car, where brake performance was evaluated for the three different road conditions. This enables a comparative study of performance between tire types and wear for various winter road conditions. The results suggest that the recorded data represent real vehicle performance. Some conclusions from the measurements are that the effect of wear is consistent between the tire groups and that the performance degradation is most noticeable on studded tires on ice and on European tires on snow.

Lignin-Containing Photoactive Resins for 3D Printing by Stereolithography

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan T. Sutton ◽  
Kalavathy Rajan ◽  
David P. Harper ◽  
Stephen Chmely
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
New Products ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Print Quality ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Manufacturing Applications ◽  
Modified Lignin

Generating compatible and competitive materials that are environmentally sustainable and economically viable is paramount for the success of additive manufacturing using renewable materials. We report the successful application of renewable, modified lignin-containing photopolymer resins in a commercial stereolithography system. Resins were fabricated within operable ranges for viscosity and cure properties, using up to 15% modified lignin by weight with the potential for higher amounts. A four-fold increase in ductility in cured parts with higher lignin concentration is noted as compared to commercial SLA resins. Excellent print quality was seen in modified lignin resins, with good layer fusion, high surface definition, and visual clarity. These materials can be used to generate new products for additive manufacturing applications and help fill vacant material property spaces, where ductility, sustainability, and application costs are critical.

Lignin-Containing Photoactive Resins for 3D Printing by Stereolithography

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan T. Sutton ◽  
Kalavathy Rajan ◽  
David P. Harper ◽  
Stephen Chmely
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
New Products ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Print Quality ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Manufacturing Applications ◽  
Modified Lignin

Generating compatible and competitive materials that are environmentally sustainable and economically viable is paramount for the success of additive manufacturing using renewable materials. We report the successful application of renewable, modified lignin-containing photopolymer resins in a commercial stereolithography system. Resins were fabricated within operable ranges for viscosity and cure properties, using up to 15% modified lignin by weight with the potential for higher amounts. A four-fold increase in ductility in cured parts with higher lignin concentration is noted as compared to commercial SLA resins. Excellent print quality was seen in modified lignin resins, with good layer fusion, high surface definition, and visual clarity. These materials can be used to generate new products for additive manufacturing applications and help fill vacant material property spaces, where ductility, sustainability, and application costs are critical.

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