First report of bacterial kidney disease in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Russia

This paper describes the first case of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) to be identified in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Russia. The fish in question was caught in Lake Bolshoi Vilyui on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The diseased fish had foci of granulomatous inflammation in the kidneys. The diagnosis was confirmed by isolating the bacterium Renibacterium salmoninarum from kidney tissue in pure culture, and by determining the partial 16S RNA gene sequence of the isolate. This is the first detection of this pathogen in the genus Oncorhynchus in Russia, and detection of BKD in coho salmon indicates that the pathogen is present in the natural fish populations of Kamchatka. Therefore, it will be necessary to conduct screening studies of mature salmon selected for artificial reproduction, for the presence of BKD signs and asymptomatic infection with R. salmoninarum, which will allow us to estimate the prevalence of the pathogen.

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Histopathology of BKD(Bacterial kidney disease) occurred in sea-cultured coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).

Fish Pathology ◽

10.3147/jsfp.24.17 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 17-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Yutaka HAYAKAWA ◽

Takahiko HARADA ◽

Kishio HATAI ◽

Saburoh S. KUBOTA ◽

Toshio BUNYA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Kidney Disease ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽

Bacterial Kidney Disease

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Some changes in the blood cells of diseased coho salmon

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z79-189 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 57 (7) ◽

pp. 1458-1464 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

R. J. G. Lester ◽

Joan Budd

Keyword(s):

Kidney Disease ◽

Electron Micrographs ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Bacterial Pathogen ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Thrombocyte Count ◽

Bacterial Kidney Disease

Blood samples were taken from fingerling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) that had been experimentally infected with either the bacterial pathogen causing vibriosis or that causing bacterial kidney disease. In the 2nd week after inoculation, smears from the Vibrio-infected fish contained enlarged thrombocytes, pinched erythrocytes, and neutrophils with vesicles. The total number of thrombocytes was reduced to 8000 per microlitre, though this returned to 20 000 per microlitre in the 3rd week in those fish that survived.Blood smears from fish given the kidney disease bacterium contained enlarged thrombocytes and what appeared to be collapsed reticulocytes, in the 2nd and 3rd weeks. The thrombocyte count averaged 6500 per microlitre, and there were reduced numbers of other cells. Bacteria were found in thrombocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes.Light micrographs of 26 normal or modified cells and electron micrographs of two granulocytes are included.

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Relation of Water Temperature to Bacterial Kidney Disease in Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockeye Salmon (O. nerka), and Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f78-002 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 8-11 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

J. E. Sanders ◽

K. S. Pilcher ◽

J. L. Fryer

Keyword(s):

Kidney Disease ◽

Sockeye Salmon ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽

Salmo Gairdneri ◽

Causative Organism ◽

Steelhead Trout ◽

Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽

Percent Mortality ◽

Disease Agent

Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), sockeye salmon (O. nerka), and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) were infected by intraperitoneal injection of a suspension of the causative organism of bacterial kidney disease at seven experimental temperatures from 3.9 to 20.5 °C. In coho salmon and steelhead trout percent mortality was maximal (78–100%) in the range of 6.7–12.2 °C. As the temperature increased above 12.2 °C mortality declined progressively; at 20.5 °C it was only 8–14%. The two highest temperatures had some suppressing effect on the disease, which was greatest at 20.5 °C. In sockeye salmon this was not apparent, as percent mortality was essentially 100% at all temperatures from 6.7 to 20.5 °C; this species appeared to be highly susceptible to the disease agent. Temperature also influenced the mean number of days between infection and death. This interval was shortest in all three species of salmonids at the higher temperatures, varying from 21 to 34 days at 15.0–20.5 °C. It increased progressively as temperature decreased below this range; at 6.7 °C it varied from 60 to 71 days among the three species. Key words: bacterial kidney disease, temperature, salmonids, Corynebacterium, coho salmon, sockeye salmon, steelhead trout

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Relative Resistances of Three Transferrin Genotypes of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Their Hematological Responses to Bacterial Kidney Disease

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f77-001 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 69

Author(s):

Bruce K. Suzumoto ◽

Carl B. Schreck ◽

John D. McIntyre

Keyword(s):

Kidney Disease ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽

Head Kidney ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Control Fish ◽

Saline Control ◽

Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽

Total Plasma Protein ◽

And Control

Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) of three transferrin genotypes (AA, AC, and CC) were experimentally infected with the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) and mortalities observed. Six experimental and control groups were used: 1) bacteria-infected + no Fe+3; 2) bacteria-infected + low Fe+3 levels; 3) bacteria-infected + high Fe+3 levels; 4) saline control; 5) high Fe+3 control; and 6) low Fe+3 control. In all experimental groups, the AA genotype was the most susceptible to BKD and the CC genotype the most resistant. Addition of exogenous iron did not appear to increase the pathogenicity of the disease. Distribution and uptake of radioiron (59Fe) in control and BKD-infected fish was studied. BKD-infected fish were found to have consistently higher levels of 59Fe in whole blood, plasma, and liver than control fish. In control and experimental fish, spleen, head kidney, and liver tissues were found to accumulate 59Fe, while white muscle and gall bladder tissues did not. The effect of BKD on certain hematological characteristics also was determined. Hemoglobin, packed cell volume, total plasma protein, plasma iron, and plasma corticoid levels all may have decreased with the progression of BKD.

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Stress Responses to Transportation and Fitness for Marine Survival in Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Smolts

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f80-102 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 765-769 ◽

Cited By ~ 101

Author(s):

J. L. Specker ◽

C. B. Schreck

Keyword(s):

Kidney Disease ◽

Atpase Activity ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽

Control Fish ◽

Performance Capacity ◽

Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽

Marine Survival

Smolting coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were transported experimentally at low and high densities (12 and 120 g/L) for short and long periods (4 and 12 h). Because smolts can be transplanted directly to seawater, half of the fish in each treatment were transported to tanks containing seawater and half to tanks containing freshwater. Plasma corticosteroids and glucose were elevated at unloading in all groups, and corticosteroids were still above the resting level 24 h later. Potential smoltification indicators such as plasma thyroxin concentration and gill (Na+/K+)–ATPase activity were not affected by transportation. Increased corticosteroids were correlated to increased mortality in transported salmon compared to acclimated control fish when subjected to a bioassay of stress — severe confinement. The various transport regimens did not cause increased expression of latent bacterial kidney disease. In a further experiment, smolting coho salmon were released into a stream after transport for different durations. The number of fish migrating on the 1st d appeared to be inversely related to the degree of "stress" en route, but the movements of all groups were similar thereafter. We concluded that transportation caused stress in the fish regardless of hauling regimen; that increased corticosteroids may have potential as indicators of reduced performance capacity; that the greatest stress occurred during loading and the first few hours en route; and that transported smolting coho salmon seem to be equally fit for entry into freshwater or seawater.Key words: coho salmon, stress, transportation, seawater entry, corticosteroids

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Nutritional Factors in the Biochemical Pathology of Corynebacterial Kidney Disease in the Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f73-052 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 30 (2) ◽

pp. 296-298 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Gary A. Wedemeyer ◽

A. J. Ross

Keyword(s):

Kidney Disease ◽

Coho Salmon ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽

Blood Chemistry ◽

Infected Fish ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Corn Gluten ◽

Base Balance ◽

Biochemical Pathology

The influence of diet ingredient on the morbidity and biochemical pathogenesis of corynebacterial kidney disease was investigated using juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fed the Abernathy dry ration made up with either corn gluten or cottonseed meal (isoprotein, isocaloric substitution). Evaluation of incidence of infection, pituitary activation and aspects of carbohydrate metabolism, acid-base balance, renal function, and hematopoietic activity showed that the actual disease incidence was about the same for both diets but the nonspecific stress of infection was more severe in fish fed the corn gluten.Discriminant function calculations combining four physiological parameters gave a probability of 0.86 for successfully diagnosing infected fish on the basis of these blood chemistry tests.

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