Manipulating Emotions: A Study of Emotional Evocation in Architecture

<p>Architecture is understood to inspire awe and affect our emotions and moods. This thesis aims to focus these effects through our emotional sensibilities, questioning the capability of architecture to act as an emotional evocation. The objective of this work is to challenge some current practice within architecture of irreverent and careless applications of atmospheric qualities, where little appreciation is given to the emotional impact these decisions have on the occupants of the spaces. This thesis will outline the use of atmospheric conditions in the creation of an architecture of emotional evocation that presents spaces of two emotional states, proving with this, the existence of particular atmospheric conditions and the emotional impact inherent within them. The result is a design that incorporates spaces embodied with the characteristics associated with either grief or love- emotions chosen to limit the scope of this work. The qualities within these spaces are transferable and felt by the occupants through expression theory and the personification of architectural elements and qualities. A theatre programme tests the design of these emotionally evocative spaces, creating an affiliation between the performance of theatre and the performance capacity of architecture. This thesis concludes with the understanding of the necessity and reliance of associating emotional states to characteristics that can be qualified within an architectural situation. Perception and psychology of emotions are used as a theoretical basis for the understanding of the personal and subjective nature of architectural experience. Concepts of perception and sensation are also imperative in the development of the architectural project in its totality, creating a full experience through the combination and dialogue between the different spaces. The associations and connotations of materials, forms and proportions create a framework for the analysis of case studies attributed to either emotion. These case studies formulate the spatial character of each emotion, incorporating material, form, volume and light as key qualities alterable to produce appropriate emotional atmospheres. Design progresses from sketches of concepts utilised in these case studies and the literature to create two 'languages' according to the two emotional states. These 'languages' are tested in the final design, where the communication between the two emotions is vital in the narrative and experience of the building. The architecture of emotional evocation proves the emotionally stirring qualities of particular architectural atmospheres and the capacity and power of architecture to evoke these emotional states within the occupants. Utilised terms within this thesis include evocation and languages. 'Evocation' implies a passive transference of emotion through the representation of associated qualities within the architecture. 'Languages' is used to envelope the production of these associated qualities, with this thesis creating separate 'languages' for grief and love.</p>

Manipulating Emotions: A Study of Emotional Evocation in Architecture

<p>Architecture is understood to inspire awe and affect our emotions and moods. This thesis aims to focus these effects through our emotional sensibilities, questioning the capability of architecture to act as an emotional evocation. The objective of this work is to challenge some current practice within architecture of irreverent and careless applications of atmospheric qualities, where little appreciation is given to the emotional impact these decisions have on the occupants of the spaces. This thesis will outline the use of atmospheric conditions in the creation of an architecture of emotional evocation that presents spaces of two emotional states, proving with this, the existence of particular atmospheric conditions and the emotional impact inherent within them. The result is a design that incorporates spaces embodied with the characteristics associated with either grief or love- emotions chosen to limit the scope of this work. The qualities within these spaces are transferable and felt by the occupants through expression theory and the personification of architectural elements and qualities. A theatre programme tests the design of these emotionally evocative spaces, creating an affiliation between the performance of theatre and the performance capacity of architecture. This thesis concludes with the understanding of the necessity and reliance of associating emotional states to characteristics that can be qualified within an architectural situation. Perception and psychology of emotions are used as a theoretical basis for the understanding of the personal and subjective nature of architectural experience. Concepts of perception and sensation are also imperative in the development of the architectural project in its totality, creating a full experience through the combination and dialogue between the different spaces. The associations and connotations of materials, forms and proportions create a framework for the analysis of case studies attributed to either emotion. These case studies formulate the spatial character of each emotion, incorporating material, form, volume and light as key qualities alterable to produce appropriate emotional atmospheres. Design progresses from sketches of concepts utilised in these case studies and the literature to create two 'languages' according to the two emotional states. These 'languages' are tested in the final design, where the communication between the two emotions is vital in the narrative and experience of the building. The architecture of emotional evocation proves the emotionally stirring qualities of particular architectural atmospheres and the capacity and power of architecture to evoke these emotional states within the occupants. Utilised terms within this thesis include evocation and languages. 'Evocation' implies a passive transference of emotion through the representation of associated qualities within the architecture. 'Languages' is used to envelope the production of these associated qualities, with this thesis creating separate 'languages' for grief and love.</p>

Hydration Is More Important Than Exogenous Carbohydrate Intake During Push-to-the-Finish Cycle Exercise in the Heat

Dehydration ≥2% loss of body mass is associated with reductions in performance capacity, and carbohydrate (CHO)-electrolyte solutions (CES) are often recommended to prevent dehydration and provide a source of exogenous carbohydrate during exercise. It is also well established that performance capacity in the heat is diminished compared to cooler conditions, a response attributable to greater cardiovascular strain caused by high skin and core temperatures. Because hydration status, environmental conditions, and carbohydrate availability interact to influence performance capacity, we sought to determine how these factors affect push-to-the-finish cycling performance. Ten young trained cyclists exercised at a moderate intensity (2.5 W·kg−1) in a hot-dry condition [40°C, 20% relative humidity (RH)] until dehydration of ~2% body mass. Subjects then consumed either no fluid (NF) or enough fluid (water, WAT; Gatorade®, GAT; or GoodSport™, GS) to replace 75% of lost body mass over 30 min. After a 30-min light-intensity warm-up (1.5 W·kg−1) in a 35°C, 20% RH environment, subjects then completed a 120-kJ time trial (TT). TT time-to-completion, absolute power, and relative power were significantly improved in WAT (535 ± 214 s, 259 ± 99 W, 3.3 ± 0.9 W·kg−1), GAT (539 ± 226 s, 260 ± 110 W, 3.3 ± 1.0 W·kg−1), and GS (534 ± 238 s, 262 ± 105 W, 3.4 ± 1.0 W·kg−1) compared to NF (631 ± 310 s, 229 ± 96 W, 3.0 ± 0.9 W·kg−1) all (p &lt; 0.01) with no differences between WAT, GAT, and GS, suggesting that hydration is more important than carbohydrate availability during exercise in the heat. A subset of four subjects returned to the laboratory to repeat the WAT, GAT, and GS treatments to determine if between-beverage differences in time-trial performance were evident with a longer TT in thermoneutral conditions. Following dehydration, the ambient conditions in the environmental chamber were reduced to 21°C and 20% RH and subjects completed a 250-kJ TT. All four subjects improved TT performance in the GS trial (919 ± 353 s, 300 ± 100 W, 3.61 ± 0.86 W·kg−1) compared to WAT (960 ± 376 s, 283 ± 91 W, 3.43 ± 0.83 W·kg−1), while three subjects improved TT performance in the GAT trial (946 ± 365 s, 293 ± 103 W, 3.60 ± 0.97 W·kg−1) compared to WAT, highlighting the importance of carbohydrate availability in cooler conditions as the length of a push-to-the-finish cycling task increases.

Cardiorespiratory performance and locomotor function of patients with anorectal malformations

The aim of this study was to assess whether adolescents following anorectal malformation repair have a decreased cardiorespiratory performance capacity and impaired motor skills. All eligible children treated for ARMs between 2000 and 2014 were invited to participate in a prospective study consisting of a clinical examination, evaluation of Bowel function and Quality of Life, spirometry, spiroergometry and assessment of the motor activity. The results were compared to a healthy age- and sex-matched control group. There was no statistically significant difference in height, weight, BMI, muscle mass or body fat percentage between the study and the control group. Nine out of 18 patients (50%) had an excellent functional outcome with a normal Bowel Function Score. Spirometry revealed no significant differences between ARM patients and controls, four patients showed a ventilation disorder. Spiroergometry revealed a significantly lower relative performance capacity and the overall rating of the motor activity test showed significantly decreased grades in ARM patients. ARM patients were affected by an impaired cardiopulmonary function and decreased motor abilities. Long-term examinations consisting of routine locomotor function evaluation and spiroergometry are advisable to detect impaired cardiopulmonary function and to prevent a progression of associated complications and related impaired quality of life.

Mapping of the GEVA Items to the ICF: Preliminary Results Based on the Content of a Tool Guide Used to Assess the Needs of Persons With Disabilities in France

The aim of this research is two-fold. Firstly, mapping the GEVA items on to the ICF will allow identifying those items that are covered by the ICF and assist in improving the data collection process. Secondly this work will provide a first exploration of the items that are not covered by the ICF and that could lead to potential proposals for updating the ICF. The preliminary results show that the items of the GEVA 2008 general version are partly covered by the ICF 2017 Browser version categories. In every section of the GEVA, some of the items might be coded with ICF codes coming from the following ICF components: Body functions, Activities and Participation, Environmental factors, Personal factors. The items of the section 6 remains those mostly covered by the ICF. Throughout the GEVA, many environmental factors are documented. Although further analysis is needed to better inform the use of qualifiers (performance, capacity, satisfaction) together with the activities and the environmental factors, the identified ICF codes could assist in improving the data collection process. Finally, some items might be discussed to become potential ICF updates proposals.

STUDY REGARDING GENERAL ASPECTS OF SPECIALTY LITERATURE ABOUT SELECTION IN WEIGHTLIFTING

The research of the specialized literature was done both traditionally and online. Study the bibliographic sources were accessed from related fields that provide theoretical information on the selection and identification of talents in sports. The search criteria included books, articles or doctoral theses, educational sources, medical and psychological studies, empirical or theoretical research. Selection concepts, criteria and means of selection in sports for different age levels have been identified. For high performance sports, the most talented professional athletes are selected from practitioners who reach the threshold of maximum performance capacity at the age level at which they manifest or who meet the requirements imposed by large-scale competitions in which they participate.

Using Graphene-Based Grease as a Heat Conduction Material for Hectowatt-Level LEDs: A Natural Convection Experiment

In this study, a self-adjusting concentration of graphene thermal grease was developed to reduce the contact surface thermal resistance of 50 W light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The purpose was to identify an important type of heat conduction material with a high thermal conductivity coefficient, which can be applied to the contact surface of various high-heat sources or concentrated heat sources to achieve seamless heat transfer with an extremely low thermal resistance state. The contact heat conduction material conductivity reached the highest K value of 13.4 W/m·K with a 15 wt.% self-adjusting concentration of graphene grease. This material could continuously achieve a completely uniform and rapid thermal diffusion of heat energy. Therefore, we performed an analysis of chip-on-board light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with a highly concentrated heat source, which showed excellent heat dissipation under natural convection heat transfer. As such, this study achieved the natural convection mechanism and a heat sink volume thermal performance capacity of 473,750 mm3 for LEDs under 50 W, but those over 50 W require an enhanced forced convection solution and a heat sink volume thermal performance capacity between 473,750 mm3 and 947,500 mm3. If the heat source dissipation reaches 100 W, the volume capacity must be at least 947,500 mm3 for lighting equipment applications. In the experimental study, we also verified and analyzed the research data, including an analysis of the measured data, grease component wt.%, heat sink material selection, increase in heat sink volume, heat transfer path, and contact surface, a discrimination analysis of infrared thermal images, and an analysis of flow visualization, which were conducted to ensure quantitative and qualitative improvement, provide a mechanism for judging the technical performance, and provide research results to enable discussion.

Phrenic Nerve Stimulation Improves Physical Performance and Hypoxemia in Heart Failure Patients with Central Sleep Apnea

Background: Central sleep apnea (CSA) is a common comorbidity in patients with heart failure (HF) and has been linked to increased morbidity and mortality risk. In addition, CSA is associated with impaired quality of life, reduced physical performance capacity, and hypoxemia. Phrenic nerve stimulation (PNS) is a novel approach to the treatment of CSA and has been shown to be safe and effective in this indication. However, there are currently no data on the effects of PNS on physical performance and hypoxia in CSA HF patients, both of which have been shown to be linked to mortality in HF. Methods: This prospective study enrolled patients with HF and CSA diagnosed using polysomnography. All were implanted with a PNS system (remedē® system, Respicardia Inc., Minnetonka, MN, USA) for the treatment of CSA. Examinations included polysomnography (to determine hypoxemic burden), echocardiography and a standardized 6-min walk test prior to device implantation (baseline) and after 6 months of follow-up. Results: A total of 24 patients were enrolled (mean age 67.1 ± 11.2 years, 88% male). The 6-min walk distance was 369.5 ± 163.5 m at baseline and significantly improved during follow-up (to 410 ± 169.7 m; p = 0.035). Hypoxemic burden, determined based on time with oxygen saturation < 90% improved from 81 ± 55.8 min at baseline to 27.9 ± 42.8 min during PNS therapy (p < 0.01). Conclusion: In addition to safely and effectively treating CSA, PNS is also associated with improved physical performance capacity and reduced hypoxemic burden in patients with HF.