Relative Resistances of Three Transferrin Genotypes of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Their Hematological Responses to Bacterial Kidney Disease

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce K. Suzumoto ◽  
Carl B. Schreck ◽  
John D. McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Head Kidney ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽  
Total Plasma Protein ◽  
And Control

Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) of three transferrin genotypes (AA, AC, and CC) were experimentally infected with the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) and mortalities observed. Six experimental and control groups were used: 1) bacteria-infected + no Fe+3; 2) bacteria-infected + low Fe+3 levels; 3) bacteria-infected + high Fe+3 levels; 4) saline control; 5) high Fe+3 control; and 6) low Fe+3 control. In all experimental groups, the AA genotype was the most susceptible to BKD and the CC genotype the most resistant. Addition of exogenous iron did not appear to increase the pathogenicity of the disease. Distribution and uptake of radioiron (59Fe) in control and BKD-infected fish was studied. BKD-infected fish were found to have consistently higher levels of 59Fe in whole blood, plasma, and liver than control fish. In control and experimental fish, spleen, head kidney, and liver tissues were found to accumulate 59Fe, while white muscle and gall bladder tissues did not. The effect of BKD on certain hematological characteristics also was determined. Hemoglobin, packed cell volume, total plasma protein, plasma iron, and plasma corticoid levels all may have decreased with the progression of BKD.

Some changes in the blood cells of diseased coho salmon

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1458-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. G. Lester ◽  
Joan Budd
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Thrombocyte Count ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease

Blood samples were taken from fingerling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) that had been experimentally infected with either the bacterial pathogen causing vibriosis or that causing bacterial kidney disease. In the 2nd week after inoculation, smears from the Vibrio-infected fish contained enlarged thrombocytes, pinched erythrocytes, and neutrophils with vesicles. The total number of thrombocytes was reduced to 8000 per microlitre, though this returned to 20 000 per microlitre in the 3rd week in those fish that survived.Blood smears from fish given the kidney disease bacterium contained enlarged thrombocytes and what appeared to be collapsed reticulocytes, in the 2nd and 3rd weeks. The thrombocyte count averaged 6500 per microlitre, and there were reduced numbers of other cells. Bacteria were found in thrombocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes.Light micrographs of 26 normal or modified cells and electron micrographs of two granulocytes are included.

Stress Responses to Transportation and Fitness for Marine Survival in Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Smolts

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 765-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Specker ◽  
C. B. Schreck
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Performance Capacity ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽  
Marine Survival

Smolting coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were transported experimentally at low and high densities (12 and 120 g/L) for short and long periods (4 and 12 h). Because smolts can be transplanted directly to seawater, half of the fish in each treatment were transported to tanks containing seawater and half to tanks containing freshwater. Plasma corticosteroids and glucose were elevated at unloading in all groups, and corticosteroids were still above the resting level 24 h later. Potential smoltification indicators such as plasma thyroxin concentration and gill (Na+/K+)–ATPase activity were not affected by transportation. Increased corticosteroids were correlated to increased mortality in transported salmon compared to acclimated control fish when subjected to a bioassay of stress — severe confinement. The various transport regimens did not cause increased expression of latent bacterial kidney disease. In a further experiment, smolting coho salmon were released into a stream after transport for different durations. The number of fish migrating on the 1st d appeared to be inversely related to the degree of "stress" en route, but the movements of all groups were similar thereafter. We concluded that transportation caused stress in the fish regardless of hauling regimen; that increased corticosteroids may have potential as indicators of reduced performance capacity; that the greatest stress occurred during loading and the first few hours en route; and that transported smolting coho salmon seem to be equally fit for entry into freshwater or seawater.Key words: coho salmon, stress, transportation, seawater entry, corticosteroids

scholarly journals Histopathology of BKD(Bacterial kidney disease) occurred in sea-cultured coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).

1989 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutaka HAYAKAWA ◽  
Takahiko HARADA ◽  
Kishio HATAI ◽  
Saburoh S. KUBOTA ◽  
Toshio BUNYA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease

Nutritional Factors in the Biochemical Pathology of Corynebacterial Kidney Disease in the Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary A. Wedemeyer ◽  
A. J. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Corn Gluten ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
Biochemical Pathology

The influence of diet ingredient on the morbidity and biochemical pathogenesis of corynebacterial kidney disease was investigated using juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fed the Abernathy dry ration made up with either corn gluten or cottonseed meal (isoprotein, isocaloric substitution). Evaluation of incidence of infection, pituitary activation and aspects of carbohydrate metabolism, acid-base balance, renal function, and hematopoietic activity showed that the actual disease incidence was about the same for both diets but the nonspecific stress of infection was more severe in fish fed the corn gluten.Discriminant function calculations combining four physiological parameters gave a probability of 0.86 for successfully diagnosing infected fish on the basis of these blood chemistry tests.

Relation of Water Temperature to Bacterial Kidney Disease in Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), Sockeye Salmon (O. nerka), and Steelhead Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Sanders ◽  
K. S. Pilcher ◽  
J. L. Fryer
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Steelhead Trout ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Disease Agent

Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), sockeye salmon (O. nerka), and steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) were infected by intraperitoneal injection of a suspension of the causative organism of bacterial kidney disease at seven experimental temperatures from 3.9 to 20.5 °C. In coho salmon and steelhead trout percent mortality was maximal (78–100%) in the range of 6.7–12.2 °C. As the temperature increased above 12.2 °C mortality declined progressively; at 20.5 °C it was only 8–14%. The two highest temperatures had some suppressing effect on the disease, which was greatest at 20.5 °C. In sockeye salmon this was not apparent, as percent mortality was essentially 100% at all temperatures from 6.7 to 20.5 °C; this species appeared to be highly susceptible to the disease agent. Temperature also influenced the mean number of days between infection and death. This interval was shortest in all three species of salmonids at the higher temperatures, varying from 21 to 34 days at 15.0–20.5 °C. It increased progressively as temperature decreased below this range; at 6.7 °C it varied from 60 to 71 days among the three species. Key words: bacterial kidney disease, temperature, salmonids, Corynebacterium, coho salmon, sockeye salmon, steelhead trout

First report of bacterial kidney disease in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
NV Sergeenko ◽  
EA Ustimenko ◽  
MG Eliseikina ◽  
AD Kuhlevskiy ◽  
EV Bochkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Granulomatous Inflammation ◽  
Kamchatka Peninsula ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Bacterial Kidney Disease ◽  
First Case ◽  
16S Rna

This paper describes the first case of bacterial kidney disease (BKD) to be identified in coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Russia. The fish in question was caught in Lake Bolshoi Vilyui on the Kamchatka Peninsula. The diseased fish had foci of granulomatous inflammation in the kidneys. The diagnosis was confirmed by isolating the bacterium Renibacterium salmoninarum from kidney tissue in pure culture, and by determining the partial 16S RNA gene sequence of the isolate. This is the first detection of this pathogen in the genus Oncorhynchus in Russia, and detection of BKD in coho salmon indicates that the pathogen is present in the natural fish populations of Kamchatka. Therefore, it will be necessary to conduct screening studies of mature salmon selected for artificial reproduction, for the presence of BKD signs and asymptomatic infection with R. salmoninarum, which will allow us to estimate the prevalence of the pathogen.

Growth and Survival of Hormone-Sterilized Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and Kokanee Salmon (O. nerka) in a Lacustrine Environment

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1490-1494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric A. Parkinson ◽  
Kanji Tsumura
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rates ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Lacustrine Environment ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Kokanee Salmon ◽  
Return Rates ◽  
Differential Vulnerability ◽  
Normal Life Span ◽  
And Control

Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and kokanee salmon (O. nerka) were sterilized using 17α-methyltestosterone treatments and released into a lacustrine environment. The treatment appeared to be successful and sizes at capture were similar for treated and control fish. Return rates of hormone-treated groups of fish were much lower than those of the control groups. Differences in return rates were assumed to be due to differences in survival rates but the possibility of differential vulnerability to the capture gear could not be ruled out. The proportion of treated kokanee in the catch increased with age, indicating that treated kokanee survived beyond the normal life span of the species.

scholarly journals Experimental Parasite Infection Causes Genome-Wide Changes in DNA Methylation

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 2287-2299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kostas Sagonas ◽  
Britta S Meyer ◽  
Joshka Kaufmann ◽  
Tobias L Lenz ◽  
Robert Häsler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Infected Fish ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Neuropeptide Ff ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Parasite Infections ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
And Control

Abstract Parasites are arguably among the strongest drivers of natural selection, constraining hosts to evolve resistance and tolerance mechanisms. Although, the genetic basis of adaptation to parasite infection has been widely studied, little is known about how epigenetic changes contribute to parasite resistance and eventually, adaptation. Here, we investigated the role of host DNA methylation modifications to respond to parasite infections. In a controlled infection experiment, we used the three-spined stickleback fish, a model species for host–parasite studies, and their nematode parasite Camallanus lacustris. We showed that the levels of DNA methylation are higher in infected fish. Results furthermore suggest correlations between DNA methylation and shifts in key fitness and immune traits between infected and control fish, including respiratory burst and functional trans-generational traits such as the concentration of motile sperm. We revealed that genes associated with metabolic, developmental, and regulatory processes (cell death and apoptosis) were differentially methylated between infected and control fish. Interestingly, genes such as the neuropeptide FF receptor 2 and the integrin alpha 1 as well as molecular pathways including the Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation were hypermethylated in infected fish, suggesting parasite-mediated repression mechanisms of immune responses. Altogether, we demonstrate that parasite infection contributes to genome-wide DNA methylation modifications. Our study brings novel insights into the evolution of vertebrate immunity and suggests that epigenetic mechanisms are complementary to genetic responses against parasite-mediated selection.

Influence of Bovine Growth Hormone and L-Thyroxine on Growth, Muscle Composition, and Histological Structure of the Gonads, Thyroid, Pancreas, and Pituitary of Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1585-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Higgs ◽  
Edward M. Donaldson ◽  
Helen M. Dye ◽  
J. R. McBride
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Bovine Growth Hormone ◽  
Poor Growth

Groups of underyearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were acclimated to 10 C well water and a photoperiod of 12 h L:12 h D. Excess ration (Oregon Moist Pellet) was presented daily. Doses of bovine growth hormone (5, 10, 20, 30, or 90 μg bGH/g body wt) and L-thyroxine (0.5, 5, or 30 μg T4/g) were administered over a period of 84 days (phase I) either by injection (via dorsal musculature or peritoneal cavity) or by hormone cholesterol implants into the muscle. Administration frequency of bGH and T4 was such (range 2 times/wk-1 time/3 wk) that fish theoretically received either 10 or 30 μg bGH/g per wk or 1 or 10 μg T4/g per wk. Control fish received either alkaline saline (pH 9.5) or a cholesterol pellet. After cessation of treatment the fish were observed for an additional 84 days (phase II). During phase I, growth rates (weight) for bGH fish (2.0–2.4% per day) and for T4 fish (0.97–1.1% per day) were significantly higher than those of control fish (0.42–0.59% per day). Among bGH fish, dorsal musculature injection (2 times/wk) was significantly more effective than intraperitoneal injection (1 time/2 wk).Increases in weight above control for bGH fish at 84 days ranged from 220 to 369%. Those for T4 fish extended from 47 to 78%. In phase II, control fish growth rates were higher (0.61–0.67% per day) than those for bGH fish (0.47–0.57% per day) and T4 fish (0.32–0.44% per day). Administration of bGH and T4 (high dose) caused a progressive decline in condition factor of fish from the control range. This trend was stopped and reversed in phase II.At 84 days, generally no significant differences were detected among groups for percentages of muscle water. However, some groups had significantly higher (bGH) and others lower (T4) percentages of muscle protein relative to those of control fish. Also, significant increases (T4) and decreases (bGH) in muscle lipid percentages were found. Hormone treatment altered the histological structure of the ovary, thyroid, exocrine (T4) and endocrine (bGH) pancreas, and somatotrop cells (T4) of the pituitary. A poor growth response was noted for two groups of coho administered bGH after acclimation to sea water.

Stress and Chronic Effects of Untreated and Treated Bleached Kraft Pulpmill Effluent on the Biochemistry and Stamina of Juvenile Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1049-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. McLeay ◽  
David A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Stream Channels ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Treated Effluent

Growth of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) fed a limiting ration (70% of satiation) in experimental stream channels was not altered significantly by prolonged exposure to untreated or laboratory-treated (fermented) bleached kraft pulpmill effluent (BKME), although mean weights for control fish were consistently lower than those for all effluent-exposed groups from 100 to 200 d. Body protein, fat, and moisture content were unaffected by treatment at 30, 90, and 200 d. Fish exposed to all strengths of untreated or treated BKME (i.e. untreated concentrations equivalent by volume to 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.5 of the untreated effluent's 96-h LC50 value; and treated concentrations equivalent by volume to 0.2 and 1.0 LC50) showed significant decreases in serum albumin levels at 30 d, whereas these recovered to control values at 90 and 200 d. The serum electrolytes Na+, K+, and Ca++ were unaffected by treatment at 200 d and not measured for other exposures. Liver and muscle glycogen reserves were decreased significantly by continuous exposure of fish to untreated or treated BKME concentrations for 30 d. These values recovered to control levels at 90 d and were unaffected or depressed at 200 d. Plasma glucose levels at 30 d were elevated significantly in all BKME-exposed groups except those held in the lowest concentration of untreated or treated effluent. Blood sugar values at 90 d were increased only by the highest strength of untreated or treated BKME; whereas at 200 d these values were elevated from control levels in all effluent-exposed groups. Levels of plasma lactic acid were unmeasured at 30 d, increased at 90 d in all BKME-exposed groups except the lowest strength of untreated effluent, and elevated at 200 d in all effluent-exposed groups. The stamina of these fish as determined by critical swimming speeds in freshwater was unaffected by exposure to pulpmill effluent for 90 d and unmeasured for other exposures. Based on the changes in intermediary metabolism for BKME-exposed fish at 30, 90, and 200 d, it was concluded that these fish remained in a state of chronic stress and did not acclimate to prolonged exposure to pulpmill effluent. Treatment of this waste reduced or removed its acute (lethal) toxicity but did not alter the biochemical effects caused by chronic exposure. Key words: stress, growth, proximate analyses, albumin, electrolyte, glycogen, glucose, lactate, critical swimming speed, acclimation

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