Role of estuarine rearing for sockeye salmon in Alaska (USA)

2013 ◽  
Vol 481 ◽  
pp. 211-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
RK Simmons ◽  
TP Quinn ◽  
LW Seeb ◽  
DE Schindler ◽  
R Hilborn
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon

Role of Environment and Stock on the Elemental Composition of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Vertebrae

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1206-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Behrens Yamada ◽  
T. J. Mulligan ◽  
D. Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Fish Tissue ◽  
Fish Food ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Environmental Component ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Individual spawning populations, or stocks, of salmon differ in the elemental composition of their scales and bone. These stock-specific differences have a pronounced environmental component, since elevated concentrations of certain elements in fish tissue can be induced by feeding hatchery fish food enriched in these elements. This study tests the hypothesis that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the stock-specific elemental composition of salmon vertebrae. Four stocks of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were raised under identical conditions and each stock was subjected to four environmental treatments. The elemental composition of the vertebrae were analysed using X-ray spectroscopy; nine elements were measured. The resulting elemental composition data were analysed by multivariate analysis of variance. Evidence is presented for both a stock and a treatment factor contributing to the vertebral composition.

Swim speeds and energy use of upriver-migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): role of local environment and fish characteristics

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1821-1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott G Hinch ◽  
Peter S Rand
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Unit Distance ◽  
River Temperature ◽  
Gravel Bar ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Costs

We used electromyogram (EMG) radiotelemetry to assess swimming activity (e.g., swim speeds), behaviour, and migration speeds (e.g., ground speeds) of individual adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) migrating through several reaches of the Fraser and Nechako rivers in British Columbia. Using a laboratory swim flume and volitionally swimming adult fish carrying EMG transmitters, we developed relationships between EMG pulse intervals and swim speeds. A bioenergetics model was used to estimate reach-specific energy use per metre for each individual based on the average swim speed, migration time, body size, and river temperature. Migration was most energetically efficient (i.e., migration costs per unit distance traveled were relatively low) for females compared with males, large males compared with small males, and 1995 males compared with 1993 males. In all three cases, differences in swim speed patterns were primarily responsible for differences in energy use. For both sexes and in both years, migrations through reaches that contained a constriction (caused by an island, gravel bar, or large rock outcropping) were energetically inefficient compared with that through reaches with no constrictions. The high energetic costs at constrictions seem to result from long travel times probably caused by turbulent flow patterns that may generate confusing migrational cues.

scholarly journals Collective navigation can facilitate passage through human-made barriers by homeward migrating Pacific salmon

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1937) ◽  
pp. 20202137
Author(s):  
Connie Okasaki ◽  
Matthew L. Keefer ◽  
Peter A. H. Westley ◽  
Andrew M. Berdahl
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Passage Time ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Density Effects ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Collective Navigation

The mass migration of animals is one of the great wonders of the natural world. Although there are multiple benefits for individuals migrating in groups, an increasingly recognized benefit is collective navigation, whereby social interactions improve animals’ ability to find their way. Despite substantial evidence from theory and laboratory-based experiments, empirical evidence of collective navigation in nature remains sparse. Here we used a unique large-scale radiotelemetry dataset to analyse the movements of adult Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus sp.) in the Columbia River Basin, USA. These salmon face substantial migratory challenges approaching, entering and transiting fishways at multiple large-scale hydroelectric mainstem dams. We assess the potential role of collective navigation in overcoming these challenges and show that Chinook salmon ( O. tshawytscha ), but not sockeye salmon ( O. nerka ) locate fishways faster and pass in fewer attempts at higher densities, consistent with collective navigation. The magnitude of the density effects were comparable to major established drivers such as water temperature, and model simulations predicted that major fluctuations in population density can have substantial impacts on key quantities including mean passage time and fraction of fish with very long passage times. The magnitude of these effects indicates the importance of incorporating conspecific density and social dynamics into models of the migration process. Density effects on both ability to locate fishways and number of passage attempts have the potential to enrich our understanding of migratory energetics and success of migrating anadromous salmonids. More broadly, our work reveals a potential role of collective navigation, in at least one species, to mitigate the effects of anthropogenic barriers to animals on the move.

The role of chemoreception in salmon-egg predation by coastrange (Cottus aleuticus) and slimy (C. cognatus) sculpins in Iliamna Lake, Alaska

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew H Dittman ◽  
Gayle S Brown ◽  
Chris J Foote
Keyword(s):  
Lake Water ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Egg Predation ◽  
Ovarian Fluid ◽  
Maze Test ◽  
Salmon Eggs ◽  
Ecological Relationship

Egg predation by coastrange sculpins (Cottus aleuticus) and slimy sculpins (C. cognatus) may be a major factor affecting sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) production in Iliamna Lake, Alaska. In this study, we examined the potential roles of visual and chemosensory cues in egg predation by sculpins. A field study tested whether sculpins were differentially attracted to minnow traps baited with eggs that were (i) visible with no odours present, (ii) visible with odours present, or (iii) not visible with odours present. Our results indicated that sculpins do not require visual cues for detecting salmon eggs. However, attraction to sockeye eggs did require chemical cues emanating from the eggs. To characterize the chemical attractants that emanate from salmon eggs, we tested whether sculpins were attracted to test odours in a two-choice maze. Test odours were prepared by soaking eggs in lake water. Sculpins preferred egg wash to lake water but demonstrated no attraction to ovarian fluid versus lake water, suggesting that the attractive substances are derived directly from egg material. These results are discussed in relation to the known sensory mechanisms involved in feeding by sculpins as well as to the ecological relationship between spawning sockeye salmon and sculpins.

Egg retention in relation to arrival timing and reproductive longevity in female sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Hruska ◽  
Scott G. Hinch ◽  
David A. Patterson ◽  
Michael C. Healey
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Sufficient Time ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Egg Retention ◽  
Arrival Timing ◽  
Spawning Success

Some female Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) arrive at spawning grounds but fail to complete spawning prior to death. One hypothesis regarding egg retention is that some individuals do not have sufficient time on spawning grounds for successful completion of spawning. We investigated this hypothesis by quantifying the relationships among arrival timing, reproductive longevity, and egg retention in female sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) from Weaver Creek Spawning Channel (British Columbia, Canada) in 2006. 250 females were tagged over three sampling periods and followed until death. Earlier-arriving females lived longer than later-arriving females (p < 0.001), but patterns of egg retention were not different across sampling dates (p > 0.40). Complete spawners tended to establish a redd sooner after arrival than incomplete spawners (p = 0.001); there was no relationship between spawning completion and reproductive maturity or fork length (p > 0.30). Consistent with the time limitation hypothesis, females retained a lower proportion of eggs with increasing reproductive longevity. Several long-lived females (>7 days) failed to spawn completely before death, indicating that time limitation was not a factor for spawning success in all females. Further research examining the role of individual-specific behavioural physiology on egg retention in sockeye salmon is needed.

Nutrient export from freshwater ecosystems by anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1582-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan W Moore ◽  
Daniel E Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Nutrient Export ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Bristol Bay ◽  
Fresh Waters

Anadromous and semelparous salmon transport nutrients from the ocean to fresh waters when they return to spawn and die, a process inspiring a large body of research on the role of salmon-derived nutrients in coastal ecosystems. However, salmon also transport nutrients out of fresh waters when they migrate to the ocean as smolts. Using a total of 76 years of age-specific smolt-migration and adult-escapement data, we calculated the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus that sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) imported and exported from four major systems in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Smolts removed an average of 16% of the phosphorus and 12% of the nitrogen that their parents transported into fresh waters. The percentage of parental nutrients that smolts exported varied through time and among sites, ranging from 1% to 65% of the phosphorus and from less than 1% to 47% of the nitrogen. In systems where smolts were larger, they exported a higher percentage of nutrients. Depending on the strength of density-dependence, smolts could theoretically export more nutrients than their parents import to freshwater ecosystems at low spawning densities. Ignoring nutrient export by outgoing smolts will consistently lead to overestimation of nutrient import by Pacific salmon to freshwater ecosystems.

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