Role of Environment and Stock on the Elemental Composition of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Vertebrae

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1206-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Behrens Yamada ◽  
T. J. Mulligan ◽  
D. Fournier
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Fish Tissue ◽  
Fish Food ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hatchery Fish ◽  
Environmental Component ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Individual spawning populations, or stocks, of salmon differ in the elemental composition of their scales and bone. These stock-specific differences have a pronounced environmental component, since elevated concentrations of certain elements in fish tissue can be induced by feeding hatchery fish food enriched in these elements. This study tests the hypothesis that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the stock-specific elemental composition of salmon vertebrae. Four stocks of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were raised under identical conditions and each stock was subjected to four environmental treatments. The elemental composition of the vertebrae were analysed using X-ray spectroscopy; nine elements were measured. The resulting elemental composition data were analysed by multivariate analysis of variance. Evidence is presented for both a stock and a treatment factor contributing to the vertebral composition.

Swim speeds and energy use of upriver-migrating sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka): role of local environment and fish characteristics

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1821-1831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott G Hinch ◽  
Peter S Rand
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Unit Distance ◽  
River Temperature ◽  
Gravel Bar ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Costs

We used electromyogram (EMG) radiotelemetry to assess swimming activity (e.g., swim speeds), behaviour, and migration speeds (e.g., ground speeds) of individual adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) migrating through several reaches of the Fraser and Nechako rivers in British Columbia. Using a laboratory swim flume and volitionally swimming adult fish carrying EMG transmitters, we developed relationships between EMG pulse intervals and swim speeds. A bioenergetics model was used to estimate reach-specific energy use per metre for each individual based on the average swim speed, migration time, body size, and river temperature. Migration was most energetically efficient (i.e., migration costs per unit distance traveled were relatively low) for females compared with males, large males compared with small males, and 1995 males compared with 1993 males. In all three cases, differences in swim speed patterns were primarily responsible for differences in energy use. For both sexes and in both years, migrations through reaches that contained a constriction (caused by an island, gravel bar, or large rock outcropping) were energetically inefficient compared with that through reaches with no constrictions. The high energetic costs at constrictions seem to result from long travel times probably caused by turbulent flow patterns that may generate confusing migrational cues.

Egg retention in relation to arrival timing and reproductive longevity in female sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Hruska ◽  
Scott G. Hinch ◽  
David A. Patterson ◽  
Michael C. Healey
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Fork Length ◽  
Sufficient Time ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Egg Retention ◽  
Arrival Timing ◽  
Spawning Success

Some female Pacific salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) arrive at spawning grounds but fail to complete spawning prior to death. One hypothesis regarding egg retention is that some individuals do not have sufficient time on spawning grounds for successful completion of spawning. We investigated this hypothesis by quantifying the relationships among arrival timing, reproductive longevity, and egg retention in female sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) from Weaver Creek Spawning Channel (British Columbia, Canada) in 2006. 250 females were tagged over three sampling periods and followed until death. Earlier-arriving females lived longer than later-arriving females (p < 0.001), but patterns of egg retention were not different across sampling dates (p > 0.40). Complete spawners tended to establish a redd sooner after arrival than incomplete spawners (p = 0.001); there was no relationship between spawning completion and reproductive maturity or fork length (p > 0.30). Consistent with the time limitation hypothesis, females retained a lower proportion of eggs with increasing reproductive longevity. Several long-lived females (>7 days) failed to spawn completely before death, indicating that time limitation was not a factor for spawning success in all females. Further research examining the role of individual-specific behavioural physiology on egg retention in sockeye salmon is needed.

X-Ray Spectrometric and Multivariate Analysis of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from Different Geographic Regions

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Calaprice
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Discriminant Functions ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Geographic Regions ◽  
Relative Similarity

The chemical composition of samples of fry and adult sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) collected in different areas was characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Multivariate analysis of the spectra indicate that fish taken from an area possess recognizably distinct chemical compositions. Discriminant functions computed using spectral data were used to classify unknowns successfully. The relative similarity of groups characterized by fluorescence spectrometry is shown by canonical analysis and the nature of the chemical differences is discussed. The results indicate that these aquatic organisms possess a chemoprint, a form of natural tag.

Nutrient export from freshwater ecosystems by anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (9) ◽  
pp. 1582-1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan W Moore ◽  
Daniel E Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Pacific Salmon ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Nutrient Export ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Bristol Bay ◽  
Fresh Waters

Anadromous and semelparous salmon transport nutrients from the ocean to fresh waters when they return to spawn and die, a process inspiring a large body of research on the role of salmon-derived nutrients in coastal ecosystems. However, salmon also transport nutrients out of fresh waters when they migrate to the ocean as smolts. Using a total of 76 years of age-specific smolt-migration and adult-escapement data, we calculated the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus that sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) imported and exported from four major systems in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Smolts removed an average of 16% of the phosphorus and 12% of the nitrogen that their parents transported into fresh waters. The percentage of parental nutrients that smolts exported varied through time and among sites, ranging from 1% to 65% of the phosphorus and from less than 1% to 47% of the nitrogen. In systems where smolts were larger, they exported a higher percentage of nutrients. Depending on the strength of density-dependence, smolts could theoretically export more nutrients than their parents import to freshwater ecosystems at low spawning densities. Ignoring nutrient export by outgoing smolts will consistently lead to overestimation of nutrient import by Pacific salmon to freshwater ecosystems.

Digital x-ray mapping of nanometer-size supported bimetallic catalysts

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 530-531
Author(s):  
L. T. Germinario
Keyword(s):  
Background Radiation ◽  
Metal Cluster ◽  
Single Element ◽  
Beam Diameter ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Major Interest ◽  
Induced Changes

Understanding the role of metal cluster composition in determining catalytic selectivity and activity is of major interest in heterogeneous catalysis. The electron microscope is well established as a powerful tool for ultrastructural and compositional characterization of support and catalyst. Because the spatial resolution of x-ray microanalysis is defined by the smallest beam diameter into which the required number of electrons can be focused, the dedicated STEM with FEG is the instrument of choice. The main sources of errors in energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS) are: (1) beam-induced changes in specimen composition, (2) specimen drift, (3) instrumental factors which produce background radiation, and (4) basic statistical limitations which result in the detection of a finite number of x-ray photons. Digital beam techniques have been described for supported single-element metal clusters with spatial resolutions of about 10 nm. However, the detection of spurious characteristic x-rays away from catalyst particles produced images requiring several image processing steps.

The role of silicon in forages: A quantitative X-Ray study

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 416-417
Author(s):  
Janet H. Woodward ◽  
D. E. Akin
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Acetate Buffer ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Sodium Acetate Buffer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Percent Composition

Silicon (Si) is distributed throughout plant tissues, but its role in forages has not been clarified. Although Si has been suggested as an antiquality factor which limits the digestibility of structural carbohydrates, other research indicates that its presence in plants does not affect digestibility. We employed x-ray microanalysis to evaluate Si as an antiquality factor at specific sites of two cultivars of bermuda grass (Cynodon dactvlon (L.) Pers.). “Coastal” and “Tifton-78” were chosen for this study because previous work in our lab has shown that, although these two grasses are similar ultrastructurally, they differ in in vitro dry matter digestibility and in percent composition of Si.Two millimeter leaf sections of Tifton-7 8 (Tift-7 8) and Coastal (CBG) were incubated for 72 hr in 2.5% (w/v) cellulase in 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0. For controls, sections were incubated in the sodium acetate buffer or were not treated.

Pathophysiological function of the mitochondria as a calcium reservoir: Quantitative x-ray microanalysis

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
K. Teraoka ◽  
N. Kaneko ◽  
Y. Horikawa ◽  
T. Uchida ◽  
R. Matsuda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Contact Method ◽  
X Ray

The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of the mitochondria as a store of calcium(Ca) under the condition of pathophysiological Ca overload induced by a rise in extracellular Ca concentration and the administration of isoproterenol.Eight rats were employed, and hearts were perfused as in the Langendorff method with Krebs-Henseleit solution gassed with 95% O2 and 5% CO2. Tow specimens were perfused with 2mM Ca for 30 min, and 2 were perfused with 5.5 mM Ca for 20 min. 4 specimens were perfused with 2 mM Ca for 5 min, and of these 4, 2 were infused with 10-7 mM/kg/min. isoproterenol for 5 min, and 2 were given a bolus injection of 3 x 10-7 mM isoproterenol. After rapid-cryofixation by the metal-mirror contact method with a Reichert-Jung KF80/MM80, and cryosectioning at -160 to -180° C with a Reichert-Jung Ultracut Fc-4E, ultrathin specimens (100nm) were free-ze-dreid for several hours at 10-5 Torr in the JEOL FD 7000, and mitochondrial Ca was determined by quantitative x-ray micranalysis (JEOL 1200EX, LINK AN 10000S).

Ionic homeostasis and subcellular element compartmentation

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
Ann LeFurgey ◽  
Peter Ingram ◽  
J.J. Blum ◽  
M.C. Carney ◽  
L.A. Hawkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Ionic Homeostasis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Role Of Zn

Subcellular compartments commonly identified and analyzed by high resolution electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) include mitochondria, cytoplasm and endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum. These organelles and cell regions are of primary importance in regulation of cell ionic homeostasis. Correlative structural-functional studies, based on the static probe method of EPXMA combined with biochemical and electrophysiological techniques, have focused on the role of these organelles, for example, in maintaining cell calcium homeostasis or in control of excitation-contraction coupling. New methods of real time quantitative x-ray imaging permit simultaneous examination of multiple cell compartments, especially those areas for which both membrane transport properties and element content are less well defined, e.g. nuclei including euchromatin and heterochromatin, lysosomes, mucous granules, storage vacuoles, microvilli. Investigations currently in progress have examined the role of Zn-containing polyphosphate vacuoles in the metabolism of Leishmania major, the distribution of Na, K, S and other elements during anoxia in kidney cell nuclel and lysosomes; the content and distribution of S and Ca in mucous granules of cystic fibrosis (CF) nasal epithelia; the uptake of cationic probes by mltochondria in cultured heart ceils; and the junctional sarcoplasmic retlculum (JSR) in frog skeletal muscle.

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