68 Effects of Intranasal or Parenteral Respiratory Vaccination Administered on Arrival or Delayed in Auction-derived Feedlot Heifers

Modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines are used routinely to immunize cattle against bovine respiratory disease (BRD) agents, but differences in the route and timing of MLV administration may exist. The objective was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a parenteral or intranasal MLV administered on d 0 or 28. Three truckload blocks of heifers (initial BW=208 kg; n = 600) were randomly assigned to treatments in a 2×2 factorial. The generalized complete block design consisted of 15 pens/treatment with pen as the experimental unit and 10 animals/pen. Treatments were: 1) Nasalgen 3/Vista BVD CFP on d 0 (NAS0); 2) Vista 5 SQ on d 0 (VIS0); 3) Nasalgen 3/Vista BVD CFP on d 28 (NAS28); 4) Vista 5 SQ on d 28 (VIS28). Performance, activity, and health data were analyzed in a mixed model and a subset of 3 cattle/pen were selected for antibody titer analyses with repeated measures. Body weight and blood samples were collected on d 0, 28, and 56. No differences existed for performance outcomes (P ≥ 0.19). Activity (351.4 vs. 354.3 min/d) and rumination (282.6 vs. 285.4 min/d) time was less (P < 0.01) for delayed vs. arrival vaccinated heifers. A timing × vaccine × day interaction existed (P < 0.01) for IBRV-specific antibody titers such that VIS0 was greatest, NAS0 was intermediate, and VIS28 and NAS28 were least on d 28 (P < 0.01). Percentage of chronically ill cattle was reduced for arrival vs. delayed (1.3 vs. 4.7%; P = 0.02) and tended (P = 0.06) to be less for VIS vs. NAS (1.7 vs. 4.3%). Arrival vaccinated heifers had a reduction in antimicrobial treatment cost (4.63 vs. $7.31; P = 0.02). These data indicate improvement in some health outcomes for the parenteral route and arrival timing of MLV respiratory vaccination but performance was not affected.

Limited flexibility in departure timing of migratory passerines at the East-Mediterranean flyway

The rapid pace of current global warming lead to the advancement of spring migration in the majority of long-distance migratory bird species. While data on arrival timing to breeding grounds in Europe is plentiful, information from the African departure sites are scarce. Here we analysed changes in arrival timing at a stopover site in Israel and any links to Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) on the species-specific African non-breeding range in three migratory passerines between 2000–2017. Differences in wing length between early and late arriving individuals were also examined as a proxy for migration distance. We found that male redstart, but not females, advanced arrival to stopover site, but interestingly, not as a response to EVI phenology. Blackcap and barred warbler did not shift arrival timing significantly, although the arrival of blackcap was dependent on EVI. Barred warbler from the early arrival phase had longer wings, suggesting different populations. Our study further supports the existence species-specific migration decisions and inter-sexual differences, which may be triggered by both exogenous (local vegetation condition) and endogenous cues. Given rapid rate of changes in environmental conditions at higher latitudes, some migrants may experience difficulty in the race to match global changes to ensure their survival.

Differential impacts of freshwater and marine covariates on wild and hatchery Chinook salmon marine survival

Large-scale atmospheric conditions in the Northeast Pacific Ocean affect both the freshwater environment in the Columbia River Basin and marine conditions along the coasts of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, resulting in correlated conditions in the two environments. For migrating species, such as salmonids that move through multiple habitats, these correlations can amplify the impact of good or poor physical conditions on growth and survival, as movements among habitats may not alleviate effects of anomalous conditions. Unfortunately, identifying the mechanistic drivers of salmon survival in space and time is hindered by these cross-habitat correlations. To address this issue, we modeled the marine survival of Snake River spring/summer Chinook salmon with multiple indices of the marine environment and an explicit treatment of the effect of arrival timing from freshwater to the ocean, and found that both habitats contribute to marine survival rates. We show how this particular carryover effect of freshwater conditions on marine survival varies by year and rearing type (hatchery or wild), with a larger effect for wild fish. As environmental conditions change, incorporating effects from both freshwater and marine habitats into salmon survival models will become more important, and has the additional benefit of highlighting how management actions that affect arrival timing may improve marine survival.

FEL performance achieved at PAL-XFEL using a three-chicane bunch compression scheme

PAL-XFEL utilizes a three-chicane bunch compression (3-BC) scheme (the very first of its kind in operation) for free-electron laser (FEL) operation. The addition of a third bunch compressor allows for more effective mitigation of coherent synchrotron radiation during bunch compression and an increased flexibility of system configuration. Start-to-end simulations of the effects of radiofrequency jitter on the electron beam performance show that using the 3-BC scheme leads to better performance compared with the two-chicane bunch compression scheme. Together with the high performance of the linac radiofrequency system, it enables reliable operation of PAL-XFEL with unprecedented stability in terms of arrival timing, pointing and intensity; an arrival timing jitter of better than 15 fs, a transverse position jitter of smaller than 10% of the photon beam size, and an FEL intensity jitter of smaller than 5% are consistently achieved.

Experiment guided simulation of multi-fragment impact into PBXs

Multi-fragment impact of energetic materials can provide the impetus initiation and growth to detonation when shockwaves from these discrete fragments collide. The Sandia hydrocode CTH is used with reactive burn modeling to identify relationships between spherical fragment separation distances, variable fragment arrival timing, and initiability in energetic materials. This work demonstrates that detonation is most likely to occur is when multiple fragments collide with a surface simultaneously, because of the cumulative pressure rise of two equal colliding waves compared to the colliding waves generated by fragment impacts offset in time.

Arrival timing diagnostics at a soft X-ray free-electron laser beamline of SACLA BL1

An arrival timing monitor for the soft X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) beamline of SACLA BL1 has been developed. A small portion of the soft XFEL pulse is branched using the wavefront-splitting method. The branched FEL pulse is one-dimensionally focused onto a GaAs wafer to induce a transient reflectivity change. The beam branching method enables the simultaneous operation of the arrival timing diagnostics and experiments. The temporal resolution evaluated from the imaging system is ∼22 fs in full width at half-maximum, which is sufficient considering the temporal durations of the soft XFEL and the optical laser pulses.

X-ray optics for advanced ultrafast pump–probe X-ray experiments at SACLA

X-ray optics were implemented for advanced ultrafast X-ray experiments with different techniques at the hard X-ray beamline BL3 of SPring-8 Ångstrom Compact free-electron LAser. A double channel-cut crystal monochromator (DCCM) and compound refractive lenses (CRLs) were installed to tailor the beam conditions. These X-ray optics can work simultaneously with an arrival-timing monitor that compensates for timing jitter and drift. Inner-walls of channel-cut crystals (CCs) in the DCCM were processed by plasma chemical vaporization machining to remove crystallographic damage. Four-bounced reflection profiles of the CCs were investigated and excellent diffraction qualities were achieved. The use of CRLs enabled two-dimensional X-ray focusing with a spot size of ∼1.5 µm × 1.5 µm full width at half-maximum, while keeping reasonable throughputs for a wide photon energy range of 5−15 keV.