Changing Ownership and Employment

2019 ◽  
pp. 19-48
Author(s):  
Jim Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Moral Economy ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Collective State ◽  
Economic Diversification ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
State Action ◽  
The First World War ◽  
And Gender ◽  
First World

Changes in communities and collieries reinforced economic security in the coalfields. Communities were subject to substantial divisions of class and gender but became more cohesive after nationalisation. Economic diversification helped, bringing a widening range of employment opportunities for coalfield women. Community security was weakened slightly by migration, encouraged by policy-makers, but strengthened by the major advances of new housing and local authority ownership. At workplace level there were continuities from private to public ownership, with security improved through union mobilisation and collective state action. Village Pits established before the First World War were redeveloped after nationalisation and remained important in the 1970s. New Mines in the 1920s and 1930s included enhanced welfare amenities secured by trade union pressure. Cosmopolitan Collieries from the late 1950s came at a cost, with local pit closures and miners travelling greater distances, but greater long-term security was promised. Moral economy expectations were satisfied: restructuring involved meaningful input from the miners and improved their economic and social standing.

scholarly journals Demographic losses of Serbia in the first world war and their long-term consequences

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (203) ◽  
pp. 29-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biljana Radivojevic ◽  
Goran Penev
Keyword(s):  
Total Population ◽  
First World War ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
Sex Structure ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Paris Peace Conference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
First World

Proportional to the total population, Serbia was the country with the highest number of casualties in the First World War. According to the first estimates presented at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, total Serbian casualties were 1,250,000, over 400,000 of which were military losses while the rest were civilian deaths. Besides direct losses, which include casualties in war events and deaths resulting from military operations, the Serbian population also suffered significant indirect losses originating from the reduced number of births during the war and postwar years, increased death rate after the war as a consequence of war events, and more intensive emigration. The paper analyses some of the most-quoted estimates of demographic losses (the Paris Peace Conference, Djuric, Notestein et al.), which differ in the methodology applied, the territory covered, and the obtained results. Moreover, the paper specifies the long-term demographic consequences of the First World War, primarily on the population size of Serbia and its age and gender structure. Generations that suffered the biggest losses and those whose sex structure was disrupted the most are indicated.

Chronic post-amputation pain & blast injury: An analysis of British First World War Veterans’ pension records, 1914-85

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Dixon Smith ◽  
David Henson ◽  
George Hay ◽  
Andrew S.C. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Blast Injury ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
The Public ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Future Care ◽  
Medical Teams ◽  
The Uk ◽  
First World

LAY SUMMARY The First World War created the largest group of amputees in history. There were over 41,000 amputee Veterans in the UK alone. Recent studies estimate that over two thirds of amputees will suffer long-term pain because of their injuries. Medical files for the First World War have recently been released to the public. Despite the century between the First World War and the recent Afghanistan conflict, treatments for injured soldiers and the most common types of injuries have not changed much. A team of historians, doctors, and amputee Veterans have collaborated to investigate what happened next for soldiers injured in the war and how their wounds affected their postwar lives, and hope that looking back at the First World War and seeing which treatments worked and what happened to the amputees as they got older (e.g., if having an amputation put them at risk of other illnesses or injuries) can assist today’s Veterans and medical teams in planning for their future care.

‘A military fervour akin to religious fanaticism’: Scottish Military Identity in the Australian Imperial Force

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Tibbitts
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
First World War ◽  
Small Degree ◽  
World War ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The First World War ◽  
First World

This chapter highlights the long-term influence of Scottish military traditions and identity in Australia, dating back to the arrival of a battalion of the 73rd Highland Regiment in New South Wales in 1810. From the 1860s, several home-grown ‘Scottish’ volunteer militia units were established in the Australian colonies. This coincided with a peak period of Scottish emigration to Australia with some 265,000 settling between 1850 and 1914. With the outbreak of the First World War, Australia quickly raised a contingent to assist the Empire. Several Scottish-Australian militia regiments sought incorporation into the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) but with limited success. This chapter highlights how the existence of Scottish military identities conflicted with the desire of the AIF that its identity be entirely Australian as means of forging the identity of the new Commonwealth of Australia. At the same time, a small number of AIF units managed to maintain some small degree of Scottish flavour about them. Those such as the 4th, 5th and 56th Battalions which had many join en- masse from the pre-war ‘Scottish’ militia regiments, provide examples of how this identity survived and was influenced by some key officers and NCOs of Scots heritage.

Women and the Warsaw Home Front

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Blobaum
Keyword(s):  
Home Front ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
World War ◽  
Women And Gender ◽  
Small Minority ◽  
Military Organizations ◽  
The First World War ◽  
And Gender ◽  
First World

This chapter examines the intersection of war and gender in Warsaw. The resurrection of an independent Polish state in the aftermath of the First World War was accompanied by the establishment of equal political rights and suffrage for women, a cause that had minimal support before the war but was accepted after the war with little public debate or dissent. However, that the war itself had something to do with this important development in Polish political culture is assumed rather than established in the historiography of modern Poland and the emerging scholarship about women and gender. Moreover, in the scant literature on the role of women in wartime Poland, the focus had been placed—or misplaced—on a small minority of women who served as volunteers in auxiliary military organizations, particularly those in support of the Polish legions.

The Race to Forget? Bi-racial Descendants of the First Rhineland Occupation in 1950s West German Debates about the Children of African American GIs*

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-539
Author(s):  
Julia Roos
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Compulsory Sterilization ◽  
German Children ◽  
First World

Abstract After the First World War, the German children of colonial French soldiers stationed in the Rhineland became a focal point of nationalist anxieties over ‘racial pollution’. In 1937, the Nazis subjected hundreds of biracial Rhenish children to compulsory sterilization. After 1945, colonial French soldiers and African American GIs participating in the occupation of West Germany left behind thousands of out-of-wedlock children. In striking contrast to the open vilification of the first (1920s) generation of biracial occupation children, post-1945 commentators emphasized the need for the racial integration of the children of black GIs. Government agencies implemented new programmes protecting the post-1945 cohort against racial discrimination, yet refused restitution to biracial Rhenish Germans sterilized by the Nazis. The contrasts between the experiences of the two generations of German descendants of occupation soldiers of colour underline the complicated ways in which postwar ruptures in racial discourse coexisted with certain long-term continuities in antiblack racism, complicating historians’ claims of ‘Americanization’ of post-1945 German racial attitudes.

War and Gender

2020 ◽  
pp. 225-267
Author(s):  
Stefan Dudink ◽  
Karen Hagemann ◽  
Mischa Honeck
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Western World ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Total War ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Global Age ◽  
The First World War ◽  
And Gender ◽  
First World

This chapter provides an introduction to the intertwined histories of gender and war from the end of the Age of Revolutions in the early nineteenth century to the outbreak of the First World War in 1914. In the opening section, it offers a reconsideration of the notion of Europe’s post-Napoleonic century as an “era of peace” and of key concepts that historians have used to make sense of pursuits of war and military force during this time period, such as total war, imperialism, and militarism, and nationalism. It then offers a panoramic view of the major wars waged from the 1830s to the 1910s, paying special attention to the often porous and fluid boundaries between national, colonial, and imperial armed conflicts. Next, the chapter surveys the peacetime militarization of the “Western world” before the era of the two world wars, analyzing it as part of the movement of politics, society, culture, and economics in what was by the mid-nineteenth century a global age. The chapter concludes with an exploration of the intersections of war and gender and a reflection on the state of scholarship.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document