Calibrating the temporal and spatial dynamics of the Ediacaran - Cambrian radiation of animals

The Ediacaran-Cambrian transition, which incorporates the radiation of animals, lacks a robust global temporal and spatial framework, resulting in major uncertainty in the evolutionary dynamics of this critical radiation and its relationship to changes in palaeoenvironmental geochemistry. We first present a new δ13Ccarb composite reference curve for the Ediacaran Nama Group of southern Namibia, and we then outline four new possible global age models (A to D) for the interval 551-517 million years ago (Ma). These models comprise composite carbonate-carbon isotope (δ13Ccarb) curves, which are anchored to radiometric ages and consistent with strontium isotope chemostratigraphy, and are used to calibrate metazoan distribution in space and time. These models differ most prominently in the temporal position of the basal Cambrian negative δ13Ccarb excursion (BACE). Regions that host the most complete records show that the BACE nadir always predates the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary as defined by the first appearance datum (FAD) of the ichnospecies Treptichnus pedum. Whilst treptichnid traces are present in the late Ediacaran fossil record, the FAD of the ichnospecies T. pedum appears to post-date the LAD of in situ Cloudina and Namacalathus in all environments with high-resolution δ13Ccarb data. Two age models (A and B) place the BACE within the Ediacaran, and yield an age of ~538.8 Ma for the Ediacaran-Cambrian boundary; however models C and D appear to be the most parsimonious and may support a recalibration of the boundary age by up to 3 Myr younger. All age models reveal a previously underappreciated degree of variability in the terminal Ediacaran, incorporating notable positive and negative excursions that precede the BACE. Nothwithstanding remaining uncertainties in chemostratigraphic correlation, all models support a pre-BACE first appearance of Cambrian-type shelly fossils in Siberia and possibly South China, and show that the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition was a protracted interval represented by a series of successive radiations.

ФОРМИ И МЕТОДИ НА ГЛОБАЛНО СЪПЕРНИЧЕСТВО В СЪВРЕМЕННИЯ СВЕТОВЕН РЕД

Modern dynamics in society necessitates a new understanding of the concept of security, achieved as a result of a comprehensive strategic analysis. Creating an adequate vision of national security in the global age requires a paradigm shift in the way people think. Contemporary society and realities demand the formation of a new type of personality – a citizen of the 21st century who is informed, competent, educated, a democrat, a patriot, accountable to the country and to himself, while being a cosmopolitan at the same time. The article addresses issues of national security as part of cultural identity

Global, Regional, and National Burden of Ischemic Stroke, 1990–2019

Background and Objectives:To our knowledge, no comprehensive update of the descriptive epidemiology and trends of ischemic stroke has been released since Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017. To examine ischemic stroke burdens at global, regional and national levels in terms of sex, age and social development index (SDI).Methods:Data were extracted from the GBD 2019 datasets. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) were calculated to assess the incidence rate, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) trends of ischemic stroke. Measures were stratified by sex, region, country, age and SDI.Results:The global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of ischemic stroke decreased from 1990 to 2019, with an EAPC of -0.43 [95% confidence interval (CI), -0.54 to -0.32]. High-middle and middle SDI regions had much higher ASIR, ASDR and age-standardized DALY rates due to ischemic stroke than other SDI regions. Regionally, East Asia had the highest ASIR of ischemic stroke in 2019 and the largest increase in the ASIR from 1990 to 2019. Nationally, Egypt (EAPC, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.27 to 1.52) and China (EAPC, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.20) had the most pronounced increases in the ASIR of ischemic stroke. Globally, there was an increase in ischemic stroke incidence with increasing age, especially in females aged 50–69 years or older. The global age-standardized death rate (ASDR) decreased from 1990 to 2019, with an EAPC of -1.63 (95% CI, -1.72 to -1.53). The ASDR and age-standardized DALY rates increased most in Southern sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.Conclusions:The ASIR, ASDR and the age-standardized DALY rates remained high in high-middle and middle SDI regions. East Asia, Southern sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia had the greatest burden of ischemic stroke. Globally, females had a greater burden of ischemic stroke than males, especially those aged 50–69 years or older.

Characterizing Trends in Lung Cancer Mortality Attributable to Airborne Environmental Carcinogens

Tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer is the leading cause of cancer death globally, but trends in TBL mortality attributable to tobacco, ambient particulate matter pollution (APMP), and household air pollution (HAP) were unequally distributed within global population subgroups over the last three decades. We used data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study to quantify the impact of sex, time, sociodemographic development index (SDI), and age for each exposure from 1990–2019. During that interval, tobacco dominated the TBL cancer mortality landscape, with its minimum global age-adjusted death rate of 16.71 deaths/100,000 (95% Uncertainty Interval (UI): 15.27–18.13) outstripping maximums of 3.85 deaths/100,000 (UI: 2.82–4.83) and 2.54 deaths/100,000 (UI: 1.69–3.54) for APMP and HAP, respectively. In 2019, tobacco male TBL death rates exceeded female rates by a factor of 4.4:1. Ratios of 1.9:1 for APMP and 2.1:1 for HAP were seen. Our analysis indicates that both-sex middle SDI and female low, low-middle, and high-middle SDI populations are suffering increasing tobacco TBL burden. Efforts producing successful global reductions in HAP-associated TBL mortality should continue, with attention to low SDI female death rate increases. Finally, except for high SDI populations, global APMP-attributable TBL cancer burden is increasing and represents a major health concern.

A Critical Analytic Discussion of Massive Curriculum Pedagogy Comparable to Holly Books-Towards ICTs Strategies

Massive curriculum pedagogies (MCPs) represent an everlasting methodological problem of schooling throughout the Common. Era. Descriptive causal-comparative/ ex-post facto research techniques and Action Developmental Approach were used to objectively comprehend the problem's realities, trace the cause-effect relations between MCPs' factors, and build effective solutions to the MCPs’ research problem. The semantic logical reasoning of results showed strong linkages among the MCPs, the Holly Books' (H.B.s) teaching and the Factory Educational Model 1800+ in sharing extensive large groups learning and instruction. Even curriculum pedagogies took from H.Bs the compulsory learning besides the massive teaching methodology. What is disturbing here is these negative pedagogies are against the welfare of learners in the Info Global Age and the wide diversity of ICTs’ sources available to schooling. Learners have by nature no identical aptitudes, priority knowledge needs, thinking and achievement speeds, timelines, and live spaces for learning and schooling. Considering the research results and the pragmatic principle of ‘nothing can respond to diversity except diversity’, the Author offered a countering strategy (“Schools without Flunking”) merited with personalized, ICTs’ based, and collaborative peers, enabling 97% of learners to achieve the studied "blend-digit" curricula.

Leveraging the Intersection between Age-friendly Universities and Age-Friendly Communities

Age-friendly Universities represent a growing contribution to the worldwide age-friendly movement. For universities, the international effort aims to highlight the role higher education plays in responding to the opportunities associated with an aging population. The initiative outlines ten principles to engage older adults via collegiate mission pertaining to research, education and service. Shared practices suggest diverse and unique application of the guiding tenets across participating colleges and universities. However Age-friendly Universities are also part of a broader ecosystem, situated in geographic locales reflecting actual or prospective age-friendly community status. The global Age-friendly Community movement is a decade-old effort to improve the environments in which we age via a cyclical process. This paper identifies the intersection between Age-friendly University principles and Age-Friendly Community processes and discusses reciprocal considerations for mutual advancement of the broader movement.

Liberalism, Patriotism, and Cosmopolitanism in Local Citizenship in a Global Age

In this review Essay, I survey the most valuable lessons from Local Citizenship in a Global Age. But I have some reservations about the book, and I want to mark those off as well. The book comes off as critical of views that seek to control immigration and to establish relatively demanding criteria for noncitizens to become citizens. In my view, two factors contribute to this impression, and the book would have been more satisfying if both had been addressed.

Questions of Citizenship and the Nature of "The Public"

This essay is taken from a talk given at a symposium discussing Professor Ken Stahl’s book, Local Citizenship in a Global Age.1 It is not a traditional book review, but rather a series of musings inspired by the ideas in the book. Professor Stahl’s new book, Local Citizenship in a Global Age, addresses a number of important issues, many of which have been the focus of my prior work: the existence of boundaries, borders, and the spaces in between; who we include in those boundaries and who we exclude; public space, private space, and the lines between them; spaces of production versus those of consumption; and questions of place and authenticity. Thus, I was excited to participate in a discussion of the book. This essay focuses specifically on Part III of Stahl’s book, which addresses “Race, Space, Place, and Urban Citizenship.” In addition to the topics I mentioned above, Professor Stahl’s book is about citizenship. Indeed, it is primarily about citizenship. But, as Professor Stahl describes various conceptions of citizenship, it is clear that the reader has to grapple with all of the other issues I noted—boundaries, place, exclusion—in order to fully understand citizenship. This essay provides no broad critiques or sweeping analysis. Rather, it will discuss the concepts that struck me in the book and the ideas it made me think about. Thus, what follows are some thoughts, organized generally in the order in which they came to me as I was reading Part III of the book.