scholarly journals Retirement transitions in the 21st century: A scoping review of the changing nature of retirement in Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-75
Author(s):  
Aske Juul Lassen ◽  
Karsten Vrangbæk
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Political Transitions ◽  
Self Employment

There are important transformations taking place regarding the ways to transition from work-life to retirement. The timing and pathways are changing and many individuals undergo long periods of being in-between working and retirement life. Yet, our cultural understandings of retirement tend to maintain a clear distinction between pre- and post-retirement life. While the changes in retirement trajectories is not new, the trend seems to have accelerated in recent decades. We focus on what is known from the literature about the tendencies in alternative retirement trajectories of healthy seniors in Europe since 2000. We review some conceptual and political transitions in the societal understandings of retirement, followed by a scoping review in three sections: 1) Employment after retirement, 2) Self-employment, and 3) Unretirement. We conclude that while 21st century retirement trajectories are complex and understudied, there are some clear tendencies regarding who engages in such practices and why.

Single-sex education in the 21st century: A 20-year scoping review of the literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 106 ◽  
pp. 103462
Author(s):  
Daniel B. Robinson ◽  
Jennifer Mitton ◽  
Greg Hadley ◽  
Meagan Kettley
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Single Sex ◽  
Single Sex Education

Beyond gender: reconceptualizing understandings of work–life balance and the extreme work model for 21st-century high-potential top earners

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 1071-1084
Author(s):  
Kimberly DeSimone
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Work Culture ◽  
Barriers To Advancement ◽  
Upper Echelon ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Advancement Opportunities ◽  
Women’S Perceptions ◽  
Work Model

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to broaden an understanding of women's perceptions regarding advancement potential/barriers to success in upper echelon corporate roles in the S&P 500 in connection with understanding 21st-century family dynamics, rather than addressing gender in isolation.Design/methodology/approachData collection in this study is based on semi-structured phone interviews with 13 women who have been identified by organizational leadership in an S&P 500 company as having high advancement potential. The results are evaluated using interpretive phenomenological analysis.FindingsParticipants' responses support existing research showing that women feel more responsible than their male counterparts for subordinating their career prospects to those of their male partners. Further, participants express that work–life and work–family balance constitute problematic barriers to advancement and often lead them to “choose” to slow-track career advancement and to avoid advancement opportunities. This choice narrative propagates women's perceptions that barriers to advancement are self-imposed. Participants viewed the extreme work model as inevitable in upper-echelon corporate roles, signaling the need for an increased understanding of how a broad definition of familial roles and work culture – rather than gendered issues in isolation – affect advancement opportunities in a 21st-century workforce.Practical implicationsCurrent organizational diversity initiatives have focused too myopically on gender. For organizations to create a more inclusive model for success at the upper echelons, it is essential to broaden organizational initiatives to address 21st-century employees rather than gendered programs. Organizations can endeavor to implement more effective models that enable two partners in a home with dependent children to advance, and all employees, even top leaders, to balance current definitions of work–life in several ways discussed.Originality/valueThe findings of this study are significant, in that they move toward addressing a gap in knowledge concerning women's perspectives on the changing family paradigm, extreme work culture and an expanded understanding of work–life balance. This reconceptualization can help mitigate gendered research and organizational programs that reinforce entrenched binaries, and instead enable organizations to implement more effective initiatives to improve advancement opportunities.

scholarly journals All of work? All of life? Reconceptualising work‐life balance for the 21st century

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clare Kelliher ◽  
Julia Richardson ◽  
Galina Boiarintseva
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Work Life ◽  
Work Life Balance ◽  
Life Balance

scholarly journals Women in Law and Justice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Dancer
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Women's Rights ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
African Women ◽  
Women’S Rights ◽  
Political Transitions ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Legal Activism ◽  
Women Lawyers ◽  
Law And Justice

African law and justice systems in the early 21st century are the result of over a thousand years of religious and cultural influences and political change on the continent. As customary and Islamic laws became reinterpreted and formalized by colonial states, women experienced the effects of successive periods of religious and political conquest as an entrenching of patriarchal control in the family and personal law sphere. The 20th century saw African women’s resistance rise from the grass roots as an important force for national liberation. African women’s legal activism grew after political independence and African women lawyers were part of global feminist movements. In the wake of dramatic political changes across Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe, the global sphere of rights post-1989 became an enabling frame for women’s legal activism. Political transitions to multiparty democracy, the liberalization of African economies, and a wave of constitutional reforms strengthened women’s rights and gender equality guarantees. The 1980s and 1990s saw the founding of regional and pan-African women’s legal activist organizations, including the Action Committee of Women Living Under Muslim Laws and Women in Law and Development in Africa as well as the adoption of the Maputo Protocol on the Rights of Women in Africa in 2003. In the 21st century, while social, economic, and legal inequalities persist in spite of many gains for women’s rights, some African women lawyers have risen to occupy the highest echelons of the judiciary in several countries and in international courts.

scholarly journals Higher Education in the 21st Century: Relevance, Sufficiency, Challenges and Remedies from Graduates’ Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-37
Author(s):  
Wangui Patrick Mwangi ◽  
Diana Ingado
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Higher Learning ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
R Software ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Learning Institutions

Changes in life are ever bound to take place and as a result, what was important yesterday may be obsolete tomorrow, and education is not an exception. Prior to the 21st century, necessity of changes in education had been identified by many researchers and international organizations concerned with education. This had been brought about by the fact that things were changing and education had to keep the pace. In light to this fact, this study was carried out in Eldoret town, Kenya, in order to investigate whether education was up-to-date in the 21st century. It targeted university and college graduates. It was guided by four objectives namely: the relevance of education in this century, the sufficiency, the challenges facing the education in the century and the solutions to the challenges. 300 graduates from 28 different higher learning institutions were considered and data collected using questionnaires. Purposive sampling method was employed. Data analysis was performed in R software and Microsoft Excel for both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results show that, the rate of unemployment among graduates in Eldoret stands at 56.3% (p=0.0163) and 83.4% (p<0.0001) of these unemployed graduates are seeking employment. Among the employed, 59.5% (p=0.0180) are in non-self-employment. At higher learning institutions, majority (74.3%) of the graduates feel that they only gained knowledge while only 3.7% gained both skills and knowledge. Those who don’t find higher education in the 21st century useful in preparing graduates for 21st century’s life are 93.0% (p<0.0001), which is the same as those who don’t find what they gained from higher education useful in their life. The need for reforms in higher education in 21st century for the sake of meeting modern expectations and realization of developments was supported by 98.7% (p<0.0001). 99.7% (p<0.0001) admitted to have faced challenges when studying, which is the same as those with remedies to the challenges. The conclusions are: the higher education in the 21st is not useful, sufficient and relevant for modern life, it is full of challenges and reforms are necessary to help realize developments and modern expectations, and graduates can be useful in finding solutions to the challenges. Recommendations are: the stakeholders should embrace these findings and make necessary reforms to ensure that higher education in 21st century meets the 21st century’s expectations in transforming the modern society, and more research to be done involving wider scope.

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