scholarly journals Infectivity of Symptomatic Malaria Patients to Anopheles farauti Colony Mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lincoln Timinao ◽  
Rebecca Vinit ◽  
Michelle Katusele ◽  
Tamarah Koleala ◽  
Elma Nate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Anopheles Farauti ◽  
Symptomatic Malaria ◽  
Membrane Feeding ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Transmission Studies

Plasmodium transmission from humans to mosquitoes is an understudied bottleneck in the transmission of malaria. Direct membrane feeding assays (DMFA) allow detailed malaria transmission studies from humans to mosquitoes. Especially for Plasmodium vivax, which cannot be cultured long-term under laboratory conditions, implementation of DMFAs requires proximity to P. vivax endemic areas. In this study, we investigated the infectivity of symptomatic Plasmodium infections to Anopheles farauti colony mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea (PNG). A total of 182 DMFAs were performed with venous blood collected from rapid diagnostic test (RDT) positive symptomatic malaria patients and subsequently analysed by light microscopy and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). DMFAs resulted in mosquito infections in 20.9% (38/182) of cases. By light microscopy and qPCR, 10 – 11% of P. falciparum and 32 – 44% of P. vivax positive individuals infected An. farauti. Fifty-eight percent of P. vivax and 15% of P. falciparum gametocytaemic infections infected An farauti.

scholarly journals Infectivity of symptomatic malaria patients to Anopheles farauti colony mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lincoln Timinao ◽  
Rebecca Vinit ◽  
Michelle Katusele ◽  
Tamarah Koleala ◽  
Elma Nate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Plasmodium Vivax ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Anopheles Farauti ◽  
Symptomatic Malaria ◽  
Membrane Feeding ◽  
Transmission Studies ◽  
Mosquito Infection

AbstractDespite being a weak point in their life cycle, transmission of Plasmodium parasites from humans to mosquitoes is an understudied field of research. Direct membrane feeding assays (DMFA) are an important tool, allowing detailed mechanistic malaria transmission studies from humans to mosquitoes. Especially for Plasmodium vivax, which cannot be cultured long-term under laboratory conditions, implementation of DMFAs requires proximity to P. vivax endemic areas. In the present study, we investigated the infectivity of symptomatic Plasmodium infections to Anopheles farauti colony mosquitoes in Papua New Guinea (PNG), a country with one of the highest rates of Plasmodium vivax in the world. A total of 182 DMFAs were performed with venous blood collected from symptomatic malaria patients positive by rapid diagnostic test (RDT). DMFAs resulted in mosquito infection in 20.9% (38/182) of cases. The parasite species in the blood feeds were determined retrospectively by expert light microscopy and quantitative real-time qPCR. Based on light microscopy, 9.2% of P. falciparum and 42% of P. vivax human infections resulted in mosquito infections. Infections containing gametocytes detected by microscopy led to mosquito infections in 58.8% of P. vivax and 8.7% of P. falciparum infections. Based on qPCR, 10% of P. falciparum and 43.6% of P. vivax lead to a successful mosquito infection. Venous blood samples from symptomatic P. vivax patients were more infectious to An. farauti mosquitoes in DMFAs compared to P. falciparum infected patients. The capacity to perform DMFAs in a high-burden P. vivax setting creates a unique opportunity to address critical gaps in our understanding of P. vivax human-tomosquito transmission.

scholarly journals Magneto-optical diagnosis of symptomatic malaria in Papua New Guinea

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Arndt ◽  
T. Koleala ◽  
Á. Orbán ◽  
C. Ibam ◽  
E. Lufele ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Malaria Diagnosis ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Symptomatic Malaria ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Improved Methods

AbstractImproved methods for malaria diagnosis are urgently needed. Here, we evaluate a novel method named rotating-crystal magneto-optical detection (RMOD) in 956 suspected malaria patients in Papua New Guinea. RMOD tests can be conducted within minutes and at low cost. We systematically evaluate the capability of RMOD to detect infections by directly comparing it with expert light microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests and polymerase chain reaction on capillary blood samples. We show that compared to light microscopy, RMOD exhibits 82% sensitivity and 84% specificity to detect any malaria infection and 87% sensitivity and 88% specificity to detect Plasmodium vivax. This indicates that RMOD could be useful in P. vivax dominated elimination settings. Parasite density correlates well with the quantitative magneto-optical signal. Importantly, residual hemozoin present in malaria-negative patients is also detectable by RMOD, indicating its ability to detect previous infections. This could be exploited to reveal transmission hotspots in low-transmission settings.

scholarly journals Magneto-optical diagnosis of symptomatic malaria in Papua New Guinea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandra Arndt ◽  
Tamarah Koleala ◽  
Agnes Orban ◽  
Clemencia Ibam ◽  
Lincoln Timinao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Malaria Diagnosis ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Optical Diagnostic ◽  
Symptomatic Malaria ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Improved Methods

Improved methods for malaria diagnosis are urgently needed. Here, we tested a novel rotating-crystal magneto-optical diagnostic (RMOD) test in 964 suspected malaria patients in Papua New Guinea. RMOD tests can be obtained within minutes and at low cost. Capillary blood samples were also subjected to rapid diagnostic tests, expert light microscopy and polymerase chain reaction to systematically evaluate the capability of RMOD to detect infections. Compared to light microscopy, as the gold standard, RMOD exhibited 82% sensitivity and 84% specificity to detect any malaria infection. This increased to 87% sensitivity and 88% specificity for Plasmodium vivax, indicating that RMOD could be useful in P. vivax dominated elimination settings. Parasite density correlated well with the quantitative magneto-optical signal. Importantly, residual hemozoin present in malaria negative patients was also detectable by RMOD, indicating its ability to detect previous infections, which can be exploited to reveal transmission hotspots in low-transmission settings.

scholarly journals Genome Sequence Analysis of First Ross River Virus Isolate from Papua New Guinea Indicates Long-Term, Local Evolution

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 482
Author(s):  
Alice Michie ◽  
John S. Mackenzie ◽  
David W. Smith ◽  
Allison Imrie
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Ross River Virus ◽  
Most Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Mean Time

Ross River virus (RRV) is the most medically significant mosquito-borne virus of Australia, in terms of human morbidity. RRV cases, characterised by febrile illness and potentially persistent arthralgia, have been reported from all Australian states and territories. RRV was the cause of a large-scale epidemic of multiple Pacific Island countries and territories (PICTs) from 1979 to 1980, involving at least 50,000 cases. Historical evidence of RRV seropositivity beyond Australia, in populations of Papua New Guinea (PNG), Indonesia and the Solomon Islands, has been documented. We describe the genomic characterisation and timescale analysis of the first isolate of RRV to be sampled from PNG to date. Our analysis indicates that RRV has evolved locally within PNG, independent of Australian lineages, over an approximate 40 year period. The mean time to most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) of the unique PNG clade coincides with the initiation of the PICTs epidemic in mid-1979. This may indicate that an ancestral variant of the PNG clade was seeded into the region during the epidemic, a period of high RRV transmission. Further epidemiological and molecular-based surveillance is required in PNG to better understand the molecular epidemiology of RRV in the general Australasian region.

scholarly journals Life-Long Coral Skeletal Acclimatization at CO2 Vents in Papua New Guinea Reveals Species- and Environment-Specific Effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiorella Prada ◽  
Leonardo Brizi ◽  
Silvia Franzellitti ◽  
Stefano Mengoli ◽  
Simona Fermani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Organic Matrix ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Pocillopora Damicornis ◽  
Related Strain ◽  
Acropora Millepora ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Seep Site

Abstract The responses of corals and other marine calcifying organisms to ocean acidification (OA) are variable and span from no effect to severe responses. Here we investigated the effect of long-term exposure to OA on skeletal parameters of four tropical zooxanthellate corals living at two CO2 vents in Papua New Guinea, namely in Dobu and Upa Upasina. The skeletal porosity of Galaxea fascicularis, Acropora millepora, and Pocillopora damicornis was higher (from 17% to 38%, depending on the species) at the seep site compared to the control only at Upa Upasina. Massive Porites showed no differences at any of the locations. Pocillopora damicornis also showed a ~ 7% decrease of micro-density and an increase of the volume fraction of the larger pores, a decrease of the intraskeletal organic matrix content with an increase of the intraskeletal water content, and no variation in the organic matrix related strain and crystallite size. The fact that the skeletal parameters varied only at one of the two seep sites suggests that other local environmental conditions interact with OA to modify the coral skeletal parameters. This might also contribute to explain the great deal of responses to OA reported for corals and other marine calcifying organisms.

scholarly journals TV talk in PNG: A search for policy in a weak state

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-78
Author(s):  
Robert J. Foster
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
State Building ◽  
Weak State ◽  
The Sacrifice

The reasons for the nation-state's weakness are many, but the course of TV talk over the last 10 years in Papua New Guinea reveals one reason in particular: the sacrifice of long-term-state-building to the immediate demands of electoral strategy.

On the road in Highlands Papua New Guinea: intimacy and ethnographic method

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Maclean
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Participant Observation ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
The Road ◽  
On The Road

Drawing on Schutz’s treatment of the We-relationship and of meaning contexts, and on Michael Jackson’s exploration of the ambiguities of the intersubjective, this article examines the methodological implications of the empathic orientation developed in the context of intimacy for a discipline based on participant observation. I argue that moments of ‘breakdown’, a classic way in which ethnographic questions are revealed, are predicated on the intentional dynamics of intersubjective relationships. I draw on a particular experience of ‘breakdown’ on an overnight truck trip in Highlands Papua New Guinea juxtaposed with expectations of intimacy developed over long-term fieldwork spanning 12 years.

Assessing Survival Rates of Anopheles farauti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Papua New Guinea

10.2307/4393 ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Charlwood ◽  
M. H. Birley ◽  
H. Dagoro ◽  
R. Paru ◽  
P. R. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Anopheles Farauti
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