scholarly journals Virus Injection to the Pituitary via Transsphenoidal Approach and the Innervation of Anterior and Posterior Pituitary of Rat

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Li ◽  
Shanchun Su ◽  
Haiwen Zhao ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Xueqin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Amygdaloid Nucleus ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Tracer Injection ◽  
Custom Made

The theory holds that the anterior pituitary in mammals receives humoral regulation. Previous studies have reported that the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary of several mammalian species contains substance P-, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-, and galanin-like immunoreactive nerve fibers, but the origins of these nerve fibers are unclear. Removal of the pituitary gland, also called hypophysectomy, involves methods that access the pituitary gland via the transauricular or parapharyngeal pathways. However, these methods are not applicable for viral tracer injection to investigate the innervation of the anterior pituitary. The transauricular technique leads to inaccuracies in locating the pituitary gland, while the parapharyngeal approach causes high mortality in animals. Here, we introduce a protocol that accesses the pituitary gland in the rat via the transsphenoidal pathway. This method imitates surgical manipulations such as endotracheal intubation and sphenoid bone drilling, which involve the use of custom-made devices. Using the transsphenoidal pathway greatly improves the survival rate of rats because no additional dissection of blood vessels and nerves is required. Moreover, the pituitary gland can be viewed clearly and directly during the operation, making it possible to accurately inject pseudorabies virus (PRV) 152-expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) into the anterior or posterior pituitary, respectively. After injecting PRV 152 into the anterior pituitary, we found no evidence of direct innervation of the anterior pituitary in the rat brain. However, PRV 152 injection into the posterior pituitary revealed retrograde transneuronal cell bodies in many brain areas, including the CA1 field of the hippocampus, the basolateral amygdaloid nucleus, posterior part (BLP), the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus (Arc), the dorsal portion of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMD), the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCh), and the subfornical organ (SFO). In the present study, we provide a description of a possible model of hypophysectomy or pituitary injection, and identify brain regions involved in regulating the rat pituitary gland using transneuronal retrograde cell body labeling with PRV.

HORMONAL HYPERTENSION RESULTING FROM PITUITARY IMBALANCE

1965 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hunter ◽  
R. E. Haist
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Blood Pressure Elevation ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Intact Rats

The removal of the posterior part of the pituitary gland in the rat leads to an elevation in blood pressure. The production of an anterior–posterior pituitary imbalance in hypophysectomized animals by the administration of certain hormones of target glands influenced by the anterior pituitary (thyroxine, testosterone, cortisone (TTC)) also produces an increase in mean arterial blood pressure. In the intact animal, too, the administration of the hormones of the target organs (TTC) will lead to an elevation of blood pressure, and 1 week after the cessation of this treatment the blood pressure is as high or higher than at the end of the administration period. Administration of anterior pituitary hormones TSH, LH, and ACTH both in hypophysectomized and in intact rats also produced elevations in blood pressure. In two female dogs, administration of pituitary target-organ hormones (TTC) consistently produced an elevation of blood pressure associated with a direct effect of the injected hormones, followed by a depression of blood pressure below previous resting values after hormone withdrawal, presumably because of an associated inhibition of anterior pituitary effects. When certain hormones of the posterior pituitary gland are administered along with TTC, in both hypophysectomized and intact rats, the blood pressure elevation is not as great as with TTC alone, though, by themselves, the posterior pituitary factors caused some elevation in blood pressure. It is concluded that an imbalance between the influences of the anterior and posterior parts of the pituitary gland can lead to a significant elevation in blood pressure. It seems likely that, depending on the dose, the effects observed after the injection of the agent is discontinued may be due to persistence of the action of the agent or, in some instances, to inhibition of the activity of part of the pituitary gland.

Serotonergic Neurons and Neuroendocrine Function

Physiology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 202-207
Author(s):  
LD Van de Kar ◽  
MS Brownfield
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone ◽  
Renin Secretion ◽  
Nerve Terminals ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Serotonergic Neurons ◽  
Neuroendocrine Function ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Gland

The release of serotonin (5-HT) from nerve terminals in the hypothalamus increases secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone and prolactin from the anterior pituitary, vasopressin and oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland, and renin secretion from the kidneys. Activation of 5-HT1 and/or 5-HT2 receptors stimulates the secretion of these hormones.

The Regional Oxygen Saturation of Pituitary Adenomas Is Lower than That of the Pituitary Gland: Microspectrophotometric Study with Potential Clinical Implications

Neurosurgery ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 880-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf A. Kristof ◽  
Ales F. Aliashkevich ◽  
Volkmar Hans ◽  
Dorothee Haun ◽  
Bernhard Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Tissue ◽  
Adenoma Tissue ◽  
Posterior Pituitary Lobe ◽  
Pituitary Macroadenomas

Abstract OBJECTIVE To study the regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) of pituitary adenomas, in comparison with that of the pituitary gland. METHODS Microspectrophotometric (MSP) measurements of rSO2 in adenomas and pituitary tissue were performed for a series of patients undergoing first-time transsphenoidal pituitary adenoma surgery, in a standardized anesthesia setting. The areas of measured tissue were sampled for histopathological and immunohistochemical (CD34 and CD45) assessments. The results of MSP measurements were compared with the results of the histopathological and immunohistochemical assessments. RESULTS Thirty-six MSP measurements and tissue samples were obtained among 22 patients with pituitary macroadenomas, including 14 from adenoma tissue, 17 from the anterior pituitary lobe, and 5 from the posterior pituitary lobe. The rSO2 of adenoma tissue (mean ± standard deviation, 43.3 ± 23.2%) was statistically significantly (P = 0.001) lower than the values for the anterior pituitary lobe (mean ± standard deviation, 71.8 ± 18.3%) and posterior pituitary lobe (mean ± standard deviation, 74.9 ± 4.8%). The difference between the rSO2 values for the anterior pituitary lobe and posterior pituitary lobe was not significant. There were no statistically significant differences in microvessel density (as assessed with CD34 staining) or lymphocyte density (as assessed with CD45 staining) among the three tissue types. CONCLUSION As assessed with MSP measurements, the rSO2 of adenoma tissue was significantly lower than that of the pituitary gland, indicating differences in their blood supply and/or metabolism in pituitary macroadenomas. Further studies are needed to determine whether MSP measurements can reliably facilitate intraoperative delineation of adenoma and pituitary tissue, in the effort to achieve complete tumor removal with minimal injury to pituitary tissue.

scholarly journals Pituitary Lymphoma Presenting as Diabetes Insipidus

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A600-A600
Author(s):  
Bilal Bashir ◽  
Deepa Liza Jacob ◽  
Moulinath Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Primary Cns Lymphoma ◽  
Cns Lymphoma ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
High Attenuation ◽  
Secondary Hypothyroidism ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Ct Head

Abstract Introduction: Primary CNS lymphomas are rare accounting for 1-3% of CNS neoplasms. They lack specific clinical or radiological features and are diagnosed histologically. We describe a case of Primary CNS lymphoma involving pituitary gland presenting with confusion and diabetes insipidus. Case: 74-year-old presented with anorexia, weight loss, visual hallucinations and acute confusion. Initial evaluation revealed hypernatremia (148 mmol/L), an old cerebral infarct and new extensive thrombus in aorta and lower limb deep vein thrombosis. During hospital stay, he sustained a fall and a CT head showed a new high attenuation change around the temporal horn and left temporal lobe. MRI head was done to characterize the lesion but because of confusion and irritability, this was inconclusive. Patient continued to have hypernatremia with serum sodium ranging from 148 - 154 mmol/L (135-145 mmol/L) that failed to improve after rehydration. He continued to have negative fluid balance and urine output >2.5 litres a day with dilute urine and urine osmolarity of 134 mosm/L. Due to confusion, we were unable to conduct a water deprivation test. Anterior pituitary profile was consistent with secondary hypothyroidism (TSH was 0.09 (0.02-6.00), Free T4 8.2 (8.0-18.0) and (Free T3 was 2.8 (3.0- 4.8)), and secondary hypogonadism (Testosterone 0.9 nmol/L (6.1-27.1), FSH 1.0 IU/L and LH was <0.2 IU/L). Hypothalamic- adrenal axis was intact as cortisol showed adequate increment after corticotropin stimulation (Cortisol at 0 min 386 nmol/L, 30 minutes 584 nmol/L and 60 minutes 640 nmol/L). Further CT Head with contrast was carried out in view of new findings of hypopituitarism that showed smooth hyperattenuating pituitary gland that was consistent with diabetes insipidus and intense contrast enhancement seen in the periventricular regions and the caudate and dentate nuclei bilaterally. Based on clinical and radiological picture, diagnosis of CNS lymphoma and diabetes insipidus was made and commenced on desmopressin nasal spray. We were unable to perform brain biopsy or quantify the response to desmopressin due to rapid deterioration of patient who died 9 weeks after his initial presentation. An autopsy was carried out and histopathology of pituitary yielded normal anterior pituitary but posterior pituitary was completely infiltrated by Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma of Diffuse large B cell type that was also infiltrating parts of the cerebellum, temporal cortex and the basal ganglia hence proving diagnosis of Primary CNS lymphoma. Conclusion: Sudden onset of DI with pathological appearance of posterior pituitary and equivocal/non diagnostic CNS imaging should raise the suspicion of CNS lymphoma. Although diagnosis is histopathological, early detection with high index of suspicion and treatment and lead to better outcomes.

Ectopic posterior pituitary tissue and paracentric inversion of the short arm of chromosome 1 in twins

1995 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selma F Siegel ◽  
Mamdouha Ahdab-Barmada ◽  
Silva Arslanian ◽  
Thomas P Foley
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Median Eminence ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Paracentric Inversion ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
Pituitary Stalk ◽  
Posterior Pituitary ◽  
Pituitary Tissue ◽  
Ectopic Posterior Pituitary

Siegel SF, Ahdab-Barmada M, Arslanian S, Foley Jr TP. Ectopic posterior pituitary tissue and paracentric inversion of the short arm of chromosome 1 in twins. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:87–92. ISSN 0804–4643 Twin boys with hypopituitarism, hypoplasia of the anterior pituitary gland, ectopic posterior pituitary tissue and paracentric inversion of the short arm of chromosome 1 are described. The smooth appearance at the base of the median eminence and the absence of a pituitary stalk at autopsy in these boys implies that the hypopituitarism resulted from a developmental aberration. It remains to be determined if there is a causal relationship between the chromosome 1 anomaly and hypopituitarism. Selma F Siegel, Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 3705 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA

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