scholarly journals Viewing Cancer Through the Lens of Corruption: Using Behavioral Ecology to Understand Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuraag Bukkuri ◽  
Frederick R. Adler
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Social Insects ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Signaling Networks ◽  
Incentive Structure ◽  
Signal Degradation ◽  
Resource Investment ◽  
New Approaches

All biological systems depend on signals for coordination: signals which pass information among agents that run the gamut from cells to organisms. However, their very importance makes signals vulnerable to subversion. How can a receiver know whether a signal is honest or deceptive? In other words, are signals necessarily a reliable indicator of agent quality or need? By drawing parallels to ecological phenomena ranging from begging by nestlings to social insects, we investigate the role of signal degradation in cancer. We thus think of cancer as a form of corruption, in which cells command huge resource investment through relatively cheap signals, just as relatively small bribes can leverage large profits. We discuss various mechanisms which prevent deceptive signaling in the natural world and within tissues. We show how cancers evolve ways to escape these controls and relate these back to evasion mechanisms in ecology. We next introduce two related concepts, co-option and collusion, and show how they play critical roles in ecology and cancer. Drawing on public policy, we propose new approaches to view treatment based on taxation, changing the incentive structure, and the recognition of corrupted signaling networks.

Education in the Reformation

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Methuen
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Catholic Education ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Jesuit Education ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
The Reformation

What did Protestants need to know, and how were they given access to this knowledge? This chapter explores the spread of university and school education in Protestant areas during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, considering schools, their place in church orders, their curricula and their importance as models of good civic and godly order. Despite Luther’s pessimistic view of human reason, the article highlights the role of Protestant education in inspiring new approaches to the natural world: Melanchthon, amongst others, saw study of the natural world as leading the observer to God. The rise of Jesuit education indicates that early modern Catholic education was being restructured according to similar principles. Across Western Europe, education was intended to support the divinely imposed civic order, and to train young people to be good citizens who would contribute to a “godly society”.

scholarly journals From micro- to macroevolution: brood parasitism as a driver of phenotypic diversity in birds

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 515-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iliana Medina ◽  
Rebecca M Kilner ◽  
Naomi E Langmore
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Morphological Adaptation ◽  
Behavioral Interactions ◽  
Brood Parasites ◽  
Evolutionary Forces ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Behavioral Interaction

Abstract A fundamental question in biology is how diversity evolves and why some clades are more diverse than others. Phenotypic diversity has often been shown to result from morphological adaptation to different habitats. The role of behavioral interactions as a driver of broadscale phenotypic diversity has received comparatively less attention. Behavioral interactions, however, are a key agent of natural selection. Antagonistic behavioral interactions with predators or with parasites can have significant fitness consequences, and hence act as strong evolutionary forces on the phenotype of species, ultimately generating diversity between species of both victims and exploiters. Avian obligate brood parasites lay their eggs in the nests of other species, their hosts, and this behavioral interaction between hosts and parasites is often considered one of the best examples of coevolution in the natural world. In this review, we use the coevolution between brood parasites and their hosts to illustrate the potential of behavioral interactions to drive evolution of phenotypic diversity at different taxonomic scales. We provide a bridge between behavioral ecology and macroevolution by describing how this interaction has increased avian phenotypic diversity not only in the brood parasitic clades but also in their hosts.

Retóricas, metáforas y su papel en el cambio organizacional

Oikos ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (33) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Luis Muñoz Medina ◽  
Rafael Pizarro Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Organisational Change ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Emotional Burden ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Change Concept

The Role of Rhetoric and Metaphors in Organisational Change  RESUMEN El presente artículo es una recopilación de literatura científica que demuestra la relevancia de comprender nuevas formas de construir el concepto de cambio organizacional a través del lenguaje, en especial a través de claves lingüísticas como la retórica y metáfora. Esta construcción ayuda a generar procesos de cambio organizacional que presenten una menor intensidad y carga emocional negativa para los individuos, así como una mejor comprensión del mismo cambio para los empleados. Palabras clave: cambio, organización, retórica, metáfora. ABSTRACT This article is a compilation of scientific literature about the importance of understanding new approaches to the construction of the organisational change concept through language, especially through linguistic devices such as rhetorical and metaphorical ones. This construction helps the creation of organisational change processes with lower levels of impact and a lower negative emotional burden for individuals as well as a better understanding of such changesKeywords: changes; organisation; rhetoric; metaphor. 

Choice Matters

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Moore ◽  
John A. Quelch ◽  
Emily Boudreau
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Healthcare Provider ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Marketing Management ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
System P ◽  
The U.S

Choice Matters: How Healthcare Consumers Make Decisions (and Why Clinicians and Managers Should Care) is a timely and thoughtful exploration of the controversial role of consumers in the U.S. healthcare system. In most markets today, consumers have more options and autonomy than ever before. Empowered consumers easily shop around for products and services that better meet their needs, and they widely share their reviews on social media to inform and influence other consumers. Businesses have responded with better experiences and prices to compete for consumers’ business. Though healthcare has lagged behind other industries in this respect, there is a rising tide of interest in consumer choice and empowerment in healthcare markets. However, most healthcare provider organizations, individual doctors, and health insurers are unprepared to consider patients as consumers. The authors draw upon the fields of medicine, marketing, management, psychology, and public policy as they take a substantive, in-depth look at consumer choice and point out its appropriate use, as well as its limitations. This book addresses perplexing issues, such as how healthcare differs from other consumer-driven markets, how consumers make healthcare decisions, and how increased consumer choice in healthcare can not only aid and empower American consumers but also improve the overall healthcare system.

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