Corrigendum: Severe Continental-Scale Impacts of Climate Change Are Happening Now: Extreme Climate Events Impact Marine Habitat Forming Communities Along 45% of Australia's Coast

Climate change and variability influence temperature and rainfall, which impact vector abundance and the dynamics of vector-borne disease transmission. Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events. Mosquito-borne diseases, such as dengue fever, are primarily transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Freshwater availability and temperature affect dengue vector populations via a variety of biological processes and thus influence the ability of mosquitoes to effectively transmit disease. However, the effect of droughts, floods, heat waves, and cold waves is not well understood. Using vector, climate, and dengue disease data collected between 2013 and 2019 in Kenya, this retrospective cohort study aims to elucidate the impact of extreme rainfall and temperature on mosquito abundance and the risk of arboviral infections. To define extreme periods of rainfall and land surface temperature (LST), we calculated monthly anomalies as deviations from long-term means (1983–2019 for rainfall, 2000–2019 for LST) across four study locations in Kenya. We classified extreme climate events as the upper and lower 10% of these calculated LST or rainfall deviations. Monthly Ae. aegypti abundance was recorded in Kenya using four trapping methods. Blood samples were also collected from children with febrile illness presenting to four field sites and tested for dengue virus using an IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We found that mosquito eggs and adults were significantly more abundant one month following an abnormally wet month. The relationship between mosquito abundance and dengue risk follows a non-linear association. Our findings suggest that early warnings and targeted interventions during periods of abnormal rainfall and temperature, especially flooding, can potentially contribute to reductions in risk of viral transmission.

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Status of Impacts of Extreme Climate Events at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP25)

The International Journal of Climate Change Impacts and Responses ◽

10.18848/1835-7156/cgp/v13i01/1-11 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Majid Asadnabizadeh

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Extreme Climate Events ◽

Extreme Climate ◽

Climate Events

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Genetic and life-history consequences of extreme climate events

Proceedings of The Royal Society B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.2016.2118 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 284 (1848) ◽

pp. 20162118 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Simone Vincenzi ◽

Marc Mangel ◽

Dusan Jesensek ◽

John Carlos Garza ◽

Alain J. Crivelli

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Life History ◽

Life Histories ◽

Extreme Event ◽

Flash Floods ◽

Extreme Climate Events ◽

Extreme Climate ◽

Younger Age ◽

Reproductive Variance ◽

Climate Events

Climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and intensity of extreme climate events. Tests on empirical data of theory-based predictions on the consequences of extreme climate events are thus necessary to understand the adaptive potential of species and the overarching risks associated with all aspects of climate change. We tested predictions on the genetic and life-history consequences of extreme climate events in two populations of marble trout Salmo marmoratus that have experienced severe demographic bottlenecks due to flash floods. We combined long-term field and genotyping data with pedigree reconstruction in a theory-based framework. Our results show that after flash floods, reproduction occurred at a younger age in one population. In both populations, we found the highest reproductive variance in the first cohort born after the floods due to a combination of fewer parents and higher early survival of offspring. A small number of parents allowed for demographic recovery after the floods, but the genetic bottleneck further reduced genetic diversity in both populations. Our results also elucidate some of the mechanisms responsible for a greater prevalence of faster life histories after the extreme event.

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Hurricane Sandy in New York, extreme climate events and the urbanization of climate change: perspectives in the context of sub-Saharan African cities

Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability ◽

10.1016/j.cosust.2015.02.007 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 88-94 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

William Solecki

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

New York ◽

Hurricane Sandy ◽

Extreme Climate Events ◽

African Cities ◽

Extreme Climate ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Climate Events

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Edge Detection Reveals Abrupt and Extreme Climate Events

Journal of Climate ◽

10.1175/jcli-d-19-0449.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 (15) ◽

pp. 6399-6421

Author(s):

Sebastian Bathiany ◽

Johan Hidding ◽

Marten Scheffer

Keyword(s):

Coupled Model ◽

The Arctic ◽

Edge Detector ◽

Extreme Climate Events ◽

Extreme Climate ◽

New Strategy ◽

Intercomparison Project ◽

Abrupt Shifts ◽

Climate Events ◽

Impacts Of Climate Change

AbstractThe most discernible and devastating impacts of climate change are caused by events with temporary extreme conditions (“extreme events”) or abrupt shifts to a new persistent climate state (“tipping points”). The rapidly growing amount of data from models and observations poses the challenge to reliably detect where, when, why, and how these events occur. This situation calls for data-mining approaches that can detect and diagnose events in an automatic and reproducible way. Here, we apply a new strategy to this task by generalizing the classical machine-vision problem of detecting edges in 2D images to many dimensions (including time). Our edge detector identifies abrupt or extreme climate events in spatiotemporal data, quantifies their abruptness (or extremeness), and provides diagnostics that help one to understand the causes of these shifts. We also publish a comprehensive toolset of code that is documented and free to use. We document the performance of the new edge detector by analyzing several datasets of observations and models. In particular, we apply it to all monthly 2D variables of the RCP8.5 scenario of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). More than half of all simulations show abrupt shifts of more than 4 standard deviations on a time scale of 10 years. These shifts are mostly related to the loss of sea ice and permafrost in the Arctic. Our results demonstrate that the edge detector is particularly useful to scan large datasets in an efficient way, for example multimodel or perturbed-physics ensembles. It can thus help to reveal hidden “climate surprises” and to assess the uncertainties of dangerous climate events.

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Towards climate resilient urban energy systems: a review

National Science Review ◽

10.1093/nsr/nwaa134 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vahid M Nik ◽

A T D Perera ◽

Deliang Chen

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Extreme Events ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Energy Systems ◽

The State ◽

Extreme Climate Events ◽

Extreme Climate ◽

Climate Resilience ◽

Urban Energy ◽

Climate Events

Abstract Climate change and increased urban population are two major concerns for society. Moving towards more sustainable energy solutions in the urban context by integrating renewable energy technologies supports decarbonizing the energy sector and climate change mitigation. A successful transition also needs adequate consideration of climate change including extreme events to ensure the reliable performance of energy systems in the long run. This review provides an overview of and insight into the progress achieved in the energy sector to adapt to climate change, focusing on the climate resilience of urban energy systems. The state-of-the-art methodology to assess impacts of climate change including extreme events and uncertainties on the design and performance of energy systems is described and discussed. Climate resilience is an emerging concept that is increasingly used to represent the durability and stable performance of energy systems against extreme climate events. However, it has not yet been adequately explored and widely used, as its definition has not been clearly articulated and assessment is mostly based on qualitative aspects. This study reveals that a major limitation in the state-of-the-art is the inadequacy of climate change adaptation approaches in designing and preparing urban energy systems to satisfactorily address plausible extreme climate events. Furthermore, the complexity of the climate and energy models and the mismatch between their temporal and spatial resolutions are the major limitations in linking these models. Therefore, few studies have focused on the design and operation of urban energy infrastructure in terms of climate resilience. Considering the occurrence of extreme climate events and increasing demand for implementing climate adaptation strategies, the study highlights the importance of improving energy system models to consider future climate variations including extreme events to identify climate resilient energy transition pathways.

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Developing urban resilience in Haifa: preparedness to climate change in health and welfare agencies

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.094 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

M Negev ◽

H Levine ◽

T Zohar ◽

H Nouman ◽

M Zohar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Emergency Preparedness ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Local Level ◽

Extreme Climate Events ◽

Extreme Climate ◽

Qualitative Component ◽

Climate Events ◽

The City ◽

Welfare Agencies

Abstract Background Extreme climate events (wildfires, floods, heatwaves, cold spells) are becoming more frequent in the Mediterranean, but adaptation levels in the health and welfare sectors remain low. The city of Haifa in northern Israel is prone to both war and extreme climate events. Focusing on Haifa, we aim to 1) examine local officials' risk perceptions of different extreme events, 2) compare preparedness to war vs. climate events, and 3) conduct a spatial analysis of climate and health vulnerabilities. Methods Mixed-Methods: a qualitative component including 30 in-depth interviews with local government health and welfare officials, and a qualitative component that includes mapping vulnerability indicators such as socio-economic status, recipients of welfare allowances, and temperature, focusing on urban heat islands. Results The city of Haifa developed a comprehensive resilience policy for war and wildfire. However, there is no awareness or preparedness for other climate events that have not yet been experienced. Similarly, hospitals are prepared for emergencies, but not for extreme climate events. There are no national budget or guidelines for climate adaptation at the city level or in hospitals. Correspondingly, risk perceptions of climate change among health and welfare officials remain low. At the city level, social and climatic vulnerabilities are correlated, so that downtown neighborhoods are characterized by poorer socio-economic, health and welfare conditions, and higher summer temperatures. Conclusions Haifa has good preparedness for events that had been experienced in the past. While emergency preparedness provides a good infrastructure for climate change preparedness, awareness and adaptation to the unique aspects of climate change preparations are needed, including reference to related spatial dimensions. Identifying the gaps between preparedness to various emergency events, can contribute to better climate change preparedness at the local level. Key messages In the city of Haifa, emergency preparedness exists but is not extended to extreme climate events, and awareness to health risks of climate change remains low in the health and welfare agencies. Learning from emergency preparedness to wars, wildfires and earthquakes may contribute to enhancing preparedness to extreme climate events at the local level.

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