scholarly journals Durational Differences of Word-Final /s/ Emerge From the Lexicon: Modelling Morpho-Phonetic Effects in Pseudowords With Linear Discriminative Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic Schmitz ◽  
Ingo Plag ◽  
Dinah Baer-Henney ◽  
Simon David Stein
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Discriminative Learning ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Real Word ◽  
Theoretical Level ◽  
Learning Network ◽  
Recent Approach ◽  
Production Study ◽  
Different Types

Recent research has shown that seemingly identical suffixes such as word-final /s/ in English show systematic differences in their phonetic realisations. Most recently, durational differences between different types of /s/ have been found to also hold for pseudowords: the duration of /s/ is longest in non-morphemic contexts, shorter with suffixes, and shortest in clitics. At the theoretical level such systematic differences are unexpected and unaccounted for in current theories of speech production. Following a recent approach, we implemented a linear discriminative learning network trained on real word data in order to predict the duration of word-final non-morphemic and plural /s/ in pseudowords using production data by a previous production study. It is demonstrated that the duration of word-final /s/ in pseudowords can be predicted by LDL networks trained on real word data. That is, duration of word-final /s/ in pseudowords can be predicted based on their relations to the lexicon.

scholarly journals Morpho-Phonetic Effects in Speech Production: Modeling the Acoustic Duration of English Derived Words With Linear Discriminative Learning

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon David Stein ◽  
Ingo Plag
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Morphological Structure ◽  
Computational Approach ◽  
Natural Speech ◽  
Discriminative Learning ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Learning Network ◽  
Speech Data ◽  
Production Modeling

Recent evidence for the influence of morphological structure on the phonetic output goes unexplained by established models of speech production and by theories of the morphology-phonology interaction. Linear discriminative learning (LDL) is a recent computational approach in which such effects can be expected. We predict the acoustic duration of 4,530 English derivative tokens with the morphological functions DIS, NESS, LESS, ATION, and IZE in natural speech data by using predictors derived from a linear discriminative learning network. We find that the network is accurate in learning speech production and comprehension, and that the measures derived from it are successful in predicting duration. For example, words are lengthened when the semantic support of the word's predicted articulatory path is stronger. Importantly, differences between morphological categories emerge naturally from the network, even when no morphological information is provided. The results imply that morphological effects on duration can be explained without postulating theoretical units like the morpheme, and they provide further evidence that LDL is a promising alternative for modeling speech production.

scholarly journals Hörer- und Sprechertypen in Bremen und Hamburg. Eine Untersuchung zu Sprachwissen, Sprachwahrnehmung und Sprachgebrauch

2017 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne Hettler
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Language Awareness ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Individual Features ◽  
Metalinguistic Knowledge

Regarding the perception of regional speech and the salience of language variants it is to as-sume, that they are being influenced by individual features of the specific speaker/listener. However, most recent studies dealing with the salience of language phenomena neglect factors like, for example, language awareness or the profession of speakers. This article focuses on the correlation between speech perception, speech production and individual characteristics of speakers like the metalinguistic knowledge they have. It presents selected results of a study dealing with the perception and production of regional speech in Bremen and Hamburg and discusses different types of speaker/listener profiles.

scholarly journals Catalytic Production of Levulinic Acid (LA) from Actual Biomass

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (15) ◽  
pp. 2760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michela Signoretto ◽  
Somayeh Taghavi ◽  
Elena Ghedini ◽  
Federica Menegazzo
Keyword(s):  
Green Chemistry ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Catalytic Conversion ◽  
Crucial Issue ◽  
Recent Approach ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Impact

Catalytic conversion of actual biomass to valuable chemicals is a crucial issue in green chemistry. This review discusses on the recent approach in the levulinic acid (LA) formation from three prominent generations of biomasses. Our paper highlights the impact of the nature of different types of biomass and their complex structure and impurities, different groups of catalyst, solvents, and reaction system, and condition and all related pros and cons for this process.

scholarly journals A lexical advantage in four-year-old children's word repetition

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Margaret CYCHOSZ ◽  
Michelle ERSKINE ◽  
Benjamin MUNSON ◽  
Jan EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Real Word ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Word Repetition ◽  
Early Speech ◽  
Repetition Task

Abstract This study examined a potential lexicality advantage in young children's early speech production: do children produce sound sequences less accurately in nonwords than real words? Children aged 3;3-4;4 completed two tasks: a real word repetition task and a corresponding nonword repetition task. Each of the 23 real words had a paired consonant-vowel sequence in the nonword in word-initial position (e.g., ‘su’ in [ˈsutkes] ‘suitcase’ and [ˈsudrɑs]). The word-initial consonant-vowel sequences were kept constant between the paired words. Previous work on this topic compared different sequences of paired sounds, making it hard to determine if those results were due to a lexical or phonetic effect. Our results show that children reliably produced consonant-vowel sequences in real words more accurately than nonwords. The effect was most pronounced in children with smaller receptive vocabularies. Together, these results reinforce theories arguing for interactions between vocabulary size and phonology in language development.

scholarly journals Phonetic effects of morphology and context: Modeling the duration of word-final S in English with naïve discriminative learning

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
FABIAN TOMASCHEK ◽  
INGO PLAG ◽  
MIRJAM ERNESTUS ◽  
R. HARALD BAAYEN
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Discriminative Learning ◽  
Prosodic Structure ◽  
Context Modeling ◽  
Learning Network ◽  
Theoretical Morphology ◽  
English Vowels ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Lexical Phonology ◽  
Segment Duration

Recent research on the acoustic realization of affixes has revealed differences between phonologically homophonous affixes, e.g. the different kinds of final [s] and [z] in English (Plag, Homann & Kunter 2017, Zimmermann 2016a). Such results are unexpected and unaccounted for in widely accepted post-Bloomfieldian item-and-arrangement models (Hockett 1954), which separate lexical and post-lexical phonology, and in models which interpret phonetic effects as consequences of different prosodic structure. This paper demonstrates that the differences in duration of English final S as a function of the morphological function it expresses (non-morphemic, plural, third person singular, genitive, genitive plural, cliticizedhas, and cliticizedis) can be approximated by considering the support for these morphological functions from the words’ sublexical and collocational properties. We estimated this support using naïve discriminative learning and replicated previous results for English vowels (Tucker, Sims & Baayen 2019), indicating that segment duration is lengthened under higher functional certainty but shortened under functional uncertainty. We discuss the implications of these results, obtained with a wide learning network that eschews representations for morphemes and exponents, for models in theoretical morphology as well as for models of lexical processing.

Understanding Nasal Emission During Speech Production: A Review of Types, Terminology, and Causality

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liran Oren ◽  
Ann Kummer ◽  
Suzanne Boyce
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Pressure Sensitive ◽  
Abnormal Structure ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nasal Emission

There are several different types of nasal emission that can occur during speech due to either velopharyngeal dysfunction or abnormal articulation in the pharynx. Nasal emission can be inaudible or very loud and distracting, depending on the size of the velopharyngeal opening and the physics of the flow. Nasal emission can be obligatory and/or compensatory (due to abnormal structure) or it can be caused by a misarticulation that results in a substitution of a pharyngeal sound for an oral sound, despite normal velopharyngeal structure. Nasal emission can occur on all pressure-sensitive phonemes or it can be phoneme-specific. Although it is generally recognized that the loud and distracting form of nasal emission (called nasal turbulence or nasal rustle) is due to a small velopharyngeal opening, the causality of the distracted sound is debated. This article provides a brief review of the types of nasal emission, the terms used to describe it, and the potential causes. This article also stresses the need for further research to clarify the causality of the sound generated by a small velopharyngeal opening.

Cognitive Morphology in Swedish: Studies with Normals and Aphasics

1994 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Ahlsén
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Oral Reading ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Morphological Processing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Simple Processing ◽  
Slips Of The Tongue ◽  
Whole Word ◽  
Swedish Data

A multiple methods approach was applied to the study of morphology on the processing of lexical items in Swedish. Data from slips-of-the-tongue, agrammatic speech production, agrammatic oral reading, and lexical decision experiments were used. The results indicate that whole word processing as well as morphological processing takes place in the different types of tasks. The type of processing seems to vary along a continuum, with whole word processing as the most commonly applied type in automatized and relatively simple processing (such as lexical decision for common Swedish words), whereas signs of morpheme-based processing appear less often, and perhaps in less automatized tasks (such as agrammatic speech production).

scholarly journals "Und ich hab damals für dich ge-Voted…" – Online-Kommentarforen zwischen Text, Diskurs und Gemeinschaft

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Marcel Naef
Keyword(s):  
Max Weber ◽  
Online News ◽  
Community Formation ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Discourse Communities ◽  
Theoretical Level ◽  
Communal Relationships ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Reader Comments

<p class="Standardnachberschrift">Using examples from comment sections in the Swiss online news site <em>watson.ch</em>, we investigate the question whether such online reader communities show traces of communal relationships (in the sense of Max Weber) and if such an understanding is compatible with the concept of discourse communities. To this end, we first outline the conflicting theoretical assumptions that linguistic and sociological understandings of communities imply for the concept of discourse communities. Afterwards, we use selected online reader comments to show how traditional features of community formation can be detected empirically in the comment section. To conclude, we argue that Niklas Luhmann’s systems theory can serve as a framework to integrate different types of community formation processes on an empirical and a theoretical level.</p><p class="Standardnachberschrift"> </p><p class="Standardnachberschrift"> </p>

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