Internal and external factors contributing to variability in consonant accuracy of Arabic–French simultaneous bilingual children

This study aims to describe the relationships between child-internal and child-external factors and the consonant accuracy of bilingual children. More specifically, the study looks at internal factors: expressive and receptive vocabulary, and external factors: language exposure and language status, of a group of 4-year-old bilingual Arabic–French children. We measured the consonant accuracy of the children by the percentage of correct consonants in a Picture-Naming Task and a Non-Word Repetition Task in each language. The results suggest a significant relationship between vocabulary and consonant accuracy. A cross-language correlation was observed between the expressive vocabulary level of the majority language (French) and the consonant accuracy of the minority language (Arabic). Also, a significant correlation was found between Arabic language exposure and Arabic consonant accuracy. Finally, consonant accuracy was significantly higher in French tasks than in Arabic, despite the individual differences of the children.

Exploring the Relationship Between Speech Motor Control and Phonological Processing in Children Who Stutter and Typically Developed Children

Introduction: Language processing (especially phonology) and speech motor control are disordered in stuttering. However, it is unclear how they are related based on the models of speech processing. The present study aimed to study non-word repetition, rhyme and alliteration judgment, and speech motor control and investigate their relationship in children who stutter (CWS) compared to typically developed children (TDC). Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight CWS (mean age=5.46 years) and 28 peers TDC (mean age=5.52 years) participated in this study. Phonological processing, according to the speech processing model, is divided into phonological input and output. Phonological input, phonological output, and speech motor control were assessed by rhyme and alliteration tasks, accurate phonological production during non-word repetition task, and Robbins-Klee oral speech motor protocol, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, and Cohen’s d were used for data analysis. Results: Both non-word repetition and speech motor skills were significantly different in CWS than TDC (P<0.001). But rhyme and alliteration judgment were similar across groups (P>0.001). Phonological processing and speech motor control were not significantly correlated (P>0.001). Conclusion: Phonological processing (output), a level before articulation, and speech motor control are not correlated, but both are disordered in preschool CWS. Additionally, phonological processing (input) is similar in CWS and TDC. That is, phonological input is not affected by stuttering in CWS.

STEMMING BAHASA JAWA MENGGUNAKAN DAMERAU LEVENSHTEIN DISTANCE (DLD)

Stemming is one of the essential stages of text mining. This process removes prefixes and suffixes to produce root words in a text. This study uses a string matching algorithm, namely Damerau Levenshtein Distance (DLD), to find the basic word forms of Javanese. Test data of 300 words that have a prefix, insertion, suffix, a combination of prefix and suffix, and word repetition. The results of this study indicate that the Damerau Levenshtein Distance (DLD) algorithm can be used for Stemming Javanese text with an accuracy value of 49.6%.

Formula in Tuja'i Molo'opu Custom Speech Procession of Leaders Acceptance in Gorontalo Community

One of the oral literature which is still used in Gorontalo custom event is Tuja'i Molo'opu. Oral literature is uttered at the ceremonial officials' reception in Gorontalo. As other traditions are changing, Tuja'i Molo'opu also along with the changes of the society. Therefore, it needs to be held as the foundation for the preservation of the study of oral literature of Tuja'i Molo'opu. Thus, the Tuja'i Molo'opu ceremony does not complement the Molo'opu ceremony but contains moral messages, which as ancestors, messages to the man who will lead in Gorontalo. The theory used in this research is the theory of orality Albert Bates Lord and Ruth Finnegan. To apply this theory used two approaches, namely, structural and Ethnographic approaches. The structural approach is used to examine the formula composition of the tuja'I Molo'opu text as oral poetry. While the ethnographic approach is used to explore data on leadership the cultural aspects in the Gorontalo community. The results of this research show that formula tuja'i Molo'opu has the formula (1) repetition of a sentence, (2) repetition of the word group/phrase, (3) formula of word repetition, (4) formula of suffix, (5) formula of varied repetition, (6) parallelism.

Declarative Memory Predicts Phonological Processing Abilities in Adulthood

Individual differences in phonological processing abilities have often been attributed to perceptual factors, rather than to factors relating to learning and memory. Here, we consider the contribution of individual differences in declarative and procedural memory to phonological processing performance in adulthood. We examined the phonological processing, declarative memory, and procedural memory abilities of 79 native English-speaking young adults with typical language and reading abilities. Declarative memory was assessed with a recognition memory task of real and made-up objects. Procedural memory was assessed with a serial reaction time task. For both tasks, learning was assessed shortly after encoding, and again after a 12-h, overnight delay. We regressed phonological processing ability with memory performance on both days. We found that declarative memory, but not procedural memory, was highly predictive of phonological processing abilities. Specifically, declarative memory scores obtained shortly after learning were associated with non-word repetition performance, whereas declarative memory scores obtained after the overnight delay were associated with phonological awareness. Procedural memory was not associated with either of the phonological processing measures. We discuss these findings in the context of adult participants with mature phonological systems. We examine possible implications for the relationship between declarative memory and phonological processing in adulthood.

Speech Disfluency Made by Male and Female Learners at Kampung Inggris Semarang

In utterance, there must be some disfluency whether in normal people or in stutterer. Moreover, the disfluency would be different if it was categorized into two based on the gender. The researchers’ figures out the disfluency based on the gender, male and female. The article was to find out any types of disfluency that appear on the male and female speeches, to find the dominant type of disfluency occured in male and female speeches, the difference between male and female speeches, and the factors causing the disfluency made by male and female speeches. The sample was 24 English learners at Kampung Inggris Semarang, 12 males and 12 females. In collecting the data the researchers used observation and interview. In analysing the data, the researchers used the theory from Clark and Wasow supported by Johnson and Bortfeld et.al. The result showed that nine types of disfluency occur in learners’ speech, i.e filler, silent pause, revision, incomplete phrase, broken word, repetition, grammatical disfluency, prolongation, and false start. The dominant disfluency occured in male and female speeches was filler. In the dominant disfluency, males produced more filers than females, whereas silent pause was more produced in female speeches. Besides, there was some factors causing disfluency made by male and female learners of Kampung Inggris Semarang, which were related to psychological factors. It included cognitive factors and affective factors. In total, male produced more disfluency than female. Besides that male learner made more factors which could affect the disfluency in their speeches than female learners, male learners were more likely not in mastering grammar and vocabularies and getting prepared in materials. Keywords: Speech Disfulency, Factors Speech Disfluency, Disfluency

Simulating lesion-dependent functional recovery mechanisms

Functional recovery after brain damage varies widely and depends on many factors, including lesion site and extent. When a neuronal system is damaged, recovery may occur by engaging residual (e.g., perilesional) components. When damage is extensive, recovery depends on the availability of other intact neural structures that can reproduce the same functional output (i.e., degeneracy). A system’s response to damage may occur rapidly, require learning or both. Here, we simulate functional recovery from four different types of lesions, using a generative model of word repetition that comprised a default premorbid system and a less used alternative system. The synthetic lesions (i) completely disengaged the premorbid system, leaving the alternative system intact, (ii) partially damaged both premorbid and alternative systems, and (iii) limited the experience-dependent plasticity of both. The results, across 1000 trials, demonstrate that (i) a complete disconnection of the premorbid system naturally invoked the engagement of the other, (ii) incomplete damage to both systems had a much more devastating long-term effect on model performance and (iii) the effect of reducing learning capacity within each system. These findings contribute to formal frameworks for interpreting the effect of different types of lesions.