scholarly journals Working Memory Beats Age: Evidence of the Influence of Working Memory on the Production of Children’s Emotional False Memories

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Mirandola ◽  
Francesca Pazzaglia
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Children First

Emotional valence and working memory ability (WM) affect false memories’ production in adults. Whereas a number of studies have investigated the role of emotional valence in children’s tendency to produce spontaneous false memories, individual differences in WM have not been previously included. In the current article, we were interested in investigating whether emotion and WM would interact in influencing the propensity to incur inferential false memories for scripted events. Ninety-eight typically developing children (first-, third-, and eighth- graders) were administered the Emotional false memory paradigm – allowing to study false memories for negative, positive, and neutral events – and a WM task. Results showed that regardless of age, valence influenced false memories’ production, such that positive events protected against incurring distortions. Furthermore, WM interacted with valence, such that children with higher WM abilities produced fewer false memories for negative events. Concerning confidence judgments, only the youngest group of children claimed to be overconfident when committing false memories for negative and neutral events. Results are discussed in terms of the role of individual differences in higher cognitive abilities interacting with the emotional content of to-be-remembered events.

scholarly journals Emotion regulation in response to daily negative and positive events in youth: The role of event intensity and psychopathology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anu Pauliina Hiekkaranta ◽  
Olivia J Kirtley ◽  
Ginette Lafit ◽  
Jeroen Decoster ◽  
Catherine Derom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Young People ◽  
Emotion Expression ◽  
Negative Events ◽  
Positive Events ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Psychopathology Symptoms

Environmental and individual contextual factors profoundly influence how people regulate their emotions. The current article addresses the role of event intensity and psychopathology (an admixture of depression, anxiety, and psychoticism) on emotion regulation in response to naturally occurring events. For six days each evening, a youth sample (aged 15-25, N = 713) recorded the intensity of the most positive and most negative event of the day and their subsequent emotion regulation. The intensity of negative events was positively associated with summed total emotion regulation effort, strategy diversity, engaging in rumination, situation modification, emotion expression, and sharing and negatively associated with reappraisal and acceptance. The intensity of positive events was positively associated with strategy diversity, savoring, emotion expression, and sharing. Higher psychopathology symptoms were only related to ruminating more about negative events. We interpret these findings as support for the role of context in the degree of effort and type of emotion regulation that young people engage in.

scholarly journals How Individual Differences in Working Memory and Source Monitoring matter in Susceptibility to False Memory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
LaTasha R Holden ◽  
Andrew R. A. Conway ◽  
Kerri A. Goodwin
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Working Memory Capacity ◽  
False Memories ◽  
Word List ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Eyewitness Testimony ◽  
Goal Maintenance

Using the DRM word list paradigm (Roediger & McDermott, 1995) we investigated the role of individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) and source monitoring (SM) ability in protection from false memories (FM) in recall and recognition. Both spreading activation and monitoring are cognitive processes associated with working memory (Anderson, 1983; Cantor & Engle, 1993), and previous research demonstrates working memory’s relation to goal maintenance (Kane & Engle, 2003) and importance for withholding irrelevant information (Conway & Engle, 1994). However, whether higher WMC constitutes activation or monitoring and predicts increased or decreased FM production respectively, remains inconclusive (Watson et al., 2005; Peters et al., 2007; Bixter & Daniel, 2013). When considering SM ability, a relationship has been found between WMC and FM in recall, suggesting that SM mediates this relation (Unsworth & Brewer, 2010). Other work suggests that SM and WMC interact based on the role of memory monitoring in constraining task irrelevant information (Rose, 2013; Lilienthal et al., 2015). From an activation-monitoring perspective (Gallo, 2010), we investigated individual differences in WMC and SM predicting FM in recall and recognition, testing whether the relationships are additive or interactive. Our findings support moderation, suggesting that when SM ability is too high, working memory cannot work as well to monitor and constrain activation in order to reduce FM. Only when WMC was higher and SM was lower did we show a predicted decrease in FM during recognition. This work suggests that protecting mental resources in WMC is more important for constraining FM production than SM ability and we consider the implications for real world false memories and eyewitness testimony.

scholarly journals Theories of Working Memory: Differences in Definition, Degree of Modularity, Role of Attention, and Purpose

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 340-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eryn J. Adams ◽  
Anh T. Nguyen ◽  
Nelson Cowan
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Group Norms ◽  
Language Research

Purpose The purpose of this article is to review and discuss theories of working memory with special attention to their relevance to language processing. Method We begin with an overview of the concept of working memory itself and review some of the major theories. Then, we show how theories of working memory can be organized according to their stances on 3 major issues that distinguish them: modularity (on a continuum from domain-general to very modular), attention (on a continuum from automatic to completely attention demanding), and purpose (on a continuum from idiographic, or concerned with individual differences, to nomothetic, or concerned with group norms). We examine recent research that has a bearing on these distinctions. Results Our review shows important differences between working memory theories that can be described according to positions on the 3 continua just noted. Conclusion Once properly understood, working memory theories, methods, and data can serve as quite useful tools for language research.

Individual Differences in Pilot Performance

1976 ◽  
Vol 20 (17) ◽  
pp. 403-409
Author(s):  
Miles R. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Pilot Performance ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Research Decision ◽  
Glide Slope ◽  
Pilot Behavior

Selected literature on individual differences in pilot performance is reviewed in order to indicate a possible direction for research. Decision-making performance in contingency situations is seen as a potentially fruitful area for study of individual differences, although information on the relative roles of experience and cognitive abilities, styles, and strategies are needed in all research areas. The role of cognitive styles in pilot performance is essentially unexplored; however, the identification of individual pilot behavior differences that have been attributed to style differences and the results of automobile driver behavior research suggest considerable potential. Approaches to studying pilot decision-making processes are discussed, with emphasis given to the wrong-model approach in which accident and incident data, or “process tracing” provide experimental computational structures. Analysis of data from a simulator experiment on V/STOL zero-visibility landing performance suggests that the order of ranking of individual pilot's effectiveness varies with particular situations defined by combinations of tracking requirements (e.g., glide slope, localizer) and glide-slope segment, or speed requirements; the data are being further analyzed.

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