scholarly journals Antiviral Effect of Ginsenoside Rb2 and Rb3 Against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Classical Swine Fever Virus in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bin Tan ◽  
Massimo Giangaspero ◽  
Na Sun ◽  
Yinping Jin ◽  
Kexin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Classical Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Ginsenoside Rb2 ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) are members of the genus Pestivirus that cause disease in wild and domestic animals and are responsible for extensive economic losses of livestock and biological industry. BVDV is also a significant laboratory contaminant. Currently, no effective antiviral therapeutics are available to control their infection. Ginsenosides, as major pharmacological ingredients in the plants of ginseng, have various biological activities. In the present work, the antiviral activity of 9 ginsenosides and 3 other saponins from Araliaceae plants was investigated against Pestivirus. Ginsenoside Rb2 and Rb3 showed low cytotoxicity and obvious antiviral effect. They were able to inhibit the replication and proliferation of BVDV and CSFV. In addition, our results suggest that the possible antiviral mechanism of Rb2 might be related to its ability to affect the translation of these viruses. Obtained results suggest that ginsenoside Rb2 and Rb3 have a potential for effective treatment against Pestivirus infection.

scholarly journals Porcine complement regulatory protein CD46 is a major receptor for atypical porcine pestivirus but not for classical swine fever virus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gökce Nur Cagatay ◽  
Aleksandra Antos ◽  
Oliver Suckstorff ◽  
Olaf Isken ◽  
Norbert Tautz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classical Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Fever Virus ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Complement Regulatory Protein ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Entry Mechanism

Pestiviruses such as bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) belong to the family Flaviviridae and represent pathogens of outstanding veterinary relevance. Pestiviruses enter cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis. For entry in bovine cells, complement regulatory protein CD46bov serves as cellular receptor for BVDV. In this study, the role of porcine CD46pig in cellular entry was investigated for the recently discovered atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV), CSFV, and Bungowannah virus (BuPV) in order to elucidate the observed differences in host cell tropism. A cell culture adapted APPV variant, which shows enhanced viral replication in vitro, was generated and demonstrated a strict tropism of APPV for porcine cells. One of the porcine cell lines displayed areas of CD46pig expressing and areas of non-expressing cells and one single cell line revealed not to express any CD46pig, respectively. The CD46pig deficient porcine lymphoma cells, known to facilitate CSFV replication, was the only porcine cell line non-permissive to APPV, indicating a significant difference in the entry mechanism of APPV and CSFV. Infection experiments with a set of genetically engineered CD46pig knockout cells confirmed that CD46pig is a major receptor of APPV as CD46bov is for BVDV. In contrast, it is apparently not an essential determinant in host cell entry of other porcine pestiviruses such as CSFV and BuPV. Existence of a CD46pig independent entry mechanism illustrates that the pestiviral entry process is more diverse than previously recognized. IMPORTANCE Pestiviruses comprise animal pathogens such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) that cause notifiable diseases with great economic impact. Several additional pestivirus species affecting animal health were recently identified, including atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV). APPV is associated with health problems in piglets and highly abundant in pig populations worldwide. Complement control protein CD46 serves as a receptor for diverse bacterial and viral pathogens, including particular adenoviruses, herpesviruses, measles virus (MeV), and BVDV. Porcine CD46 (CD46pig) was suggested to be a major receptor for CSFV. Here, we identified remarkable differences in relevance of CD46pig during entry of porcine pestiviruses. Resembling BVDV, efficient APPV infection in cell culture depends on CD46pig, while other porcine pestiviruses can efficiently enter and infect cells in absence of CD46pig. Thus, the study provides insights into the entry process of these pathogens and may help to understand differences in their biology.

scholarly journals Protection of Piglets with Maternally Derived Antibodies from Sows Inoculated with an Attenuated Live Marker Classical Swine Fever Vaccine (Flc-LOM-BErns)

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 608
Author(s):  
SeEun Choe ◽  
Jihye Shin ◽  
Ki-Sun Kim ◽  
Sok Song ◽  
Ra Mi Cha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Classical Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Here, we investigated the protective efficacy provided by passive immunity induced by a classical swine fever (Flc-LOM-BErns) vaccine with the newly developed DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals) function. Ten pigs (aged 40–60 days) with maternally derived antibodies (MDAs) obtained from sows inoculated with the Flc-LOM-BErns vaccine were challenged with virulent classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Pigs with an MDA titer of 6 log2 induced by the Flc-LOM-BErns vaccine were fully protected against virulent CSFV challenge but not the pigs with an MDA titer under 5 log2. In addition, Flc-LOM-BErns vaccine-derived MDAs successfully differentiated vaccinated pigs by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) Erns/CSFV Erns antibody detection, functioning as a DIVA.

scholarly journals The Npro product of classical swine fever virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus uses a conserved mechanism to target interferon regulatory factor-3

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 3002-3006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Seago ◽  
Louise Hilton ◽  
Elizabeth Reid ◽  
Virginie Doceul ◽  
Janan Jeyatheesan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Classical Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Interferon Regulatory Factor ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Regulatory Factor ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a member of the genus Pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae. The Npro product of CSFV targets the host's innate immune response and can prevent the production of type I interferon (IFN). The mechanism by which CSFV orchestrates this inhibition was investigated and it is shown that, like the related pestivirus bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), this involves the Npro protein targeting interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) for degradation by proteasomes and thus preventing IRF-3 from activating transcription from the IFN-β promoter. Like BVDV, the steady-state levels of IRF-3 mRNA are not reduced markedly by CSFV infection or Npro overexpression. Moreover, IFN-α stimulation of CSFV-infected cells induces the antiviral protein MxA, indicating that, as in BVDV-infected cells, the JAK/STAT pathway is not targeted for inhibition.

scholarly journals Antiviral Effect ofN-Butyldeoxynojirimycin against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Correlates with Misfolding of E2 Envelope Proteins and Impairment of Their Association into E1-E2 Heterodimers

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (8) ◽  
pp. 3527-3536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norica Branza-Nichita ◽  
David Durantel ◽  
Sandra Carrouée-Durantel ◽  
Raymond A. Dwek ◽  
Nicole Zitzmann
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Envelope Glycoproteins ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Glucosidase Inhibitor ◽  
E2 Glycoprotein ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Dose Dependent

ABSTRACT The iminosugar N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ), an endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidase inhibitor, has an antiviral effect against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). In this report, we investigate the molecular mechanism of this inhibition by studying the folding pathway of BVDV envelope glycoproteins in the presence and absence of NB-DNJ. Our results show that, while the disulfide-dependent folding of E2 glycoprotein occurs rapidly (2.5 min), the folding of E1 occurs slowly (30 min). Both BVDV envelope glycoproteins associate rapidly with calnexin and dissociate with different kinetics. The release of E1 from the interaction with calnexin coincides with the beginning of E1 and E2 association into disulfide-linked heterodimers. In the presence ofNB-DNJ, the interaction of E1 and E2 with calnexin is prevented, leading to misfolding of the envelope glycoproteins and inefficient formation of E1-E2 heterodimers. The degree of misfolding and the lack of association of E1 and E2 into disulfide-linked complexes in the presence of NB-DNJ correlate with the dose-dependent antiviral effect observed for this iminosugar.

scholarly journals Bovine viral diarrhea virus infections in pigs: why is this situation important for Brazilian herds?

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrique Meiroz de Souza Almeida ◽  
Igor Renan Honorato Gatto ◽  
Anne Caroline Ramos dos Santos ◽  
Daniele Araujo Pereira ◽  
Karla Alvarenga Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
And Control ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Practical Implications

ABSTRACT: Swine can be infected by the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) under natural conditions. For this reason, further information and divulgation are needed regarding the pathogenicity of this virus in swine. This infection is practically unknown in the realm of pig farming, and, as it shares some similarities with the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), its diagnosis becomes a challenge for official sanitary programs. Studies have shown the absence of clinical signs in piglets and reproductive problems in sows due to BVDV infections. There is little research on the prevalence, risk factors, preventive measures and control of BVDV in pigs around the world. And in Brazil, the data is practically non-existent. At the time of diagnosis, comparing the most efficient laboratory tests such as virus neutralization, ELISA, RT-PCR, and immunofluorescence so as to minimize the risk of cross serological reactions when dealing with a persistent or transient infection, can be an important tool. Moreover, the practical implications for CSFV eradication programs are a main reason for the development of further research against this infection. Therefore, this paper aims to review various aspects of BVDV infection in pigs, and how this information can be important for Brazilian herds.

scholarly journals Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: Recent Findings about Its Occurrence in Pigs

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Guilherme de Oliveira ◽  
Marina L. Mechler-Dreibi ◽  
Henrique M. S. Almeida ◽  
Igor R. H. Gatto
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Classical Swine Fever ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Experimental Infections ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important pathogen belonging to the Pestivirus genus, Flaviviridae family, which comprises viral species that causes an economic impact in animal production. Cattle are the natural host of BVDV and the main source of infection for pigs and other animal species. Due to its antigenic and genetic similarity with other important pestiviruses such as Classical Swine Fever Virus (CSFV), several studies have been conducted to elucidate the real role of this virus in piglets, sows, and boars, not only in the field but also in experimental infections, which will be discussed in this paper. Although BVDV does not pose a threat to pigs as it does to ruminants, the occurrence of clinical signs is variable and may depend on several factors. Therefore, this study presents a survey of data on BVDV infection in pigs, comparing information on prevalence in different countries and the results of experimental infections to understand this type of infection in pigs better.

scholarly journals Study of the Mechanism of Antiviral Action of Iminosugar Derivatives against Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (19) ◽  
pp. 8987-8998 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Durantel ◽  
Norica Branza-Nichita ◽  
Sandra Carrouée-Durantel ◽  
Terry D. Butters ◽  
Raymond A. Dwek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Alkyl Chain ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Bovine Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Long Alkyl Chain

ABSTRACT The glucose-derived iminosugar derivatives N-butyl- andN-nonyl-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) have an antiviral effect against a broad spectrum of viruses including Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). For BVDV, this effect has been attributed to the reduction of viral secretion due to an impairment of viral morphogenesis caused by the ability of DNJ-based iminosugar derivatives to inhibit ER α-glucosidases (N. Zitzmann, A. S. Mehta, S. Carrouée, T. D. Butters, F. M. Platt, J. McCauley, B. S. Blumberg, R. A. Dwek, and T. M. Block, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:11878–11882, 1999). Here we present the antiviral features of newly designed DNJ derivatives and report for the first time the antiviral activity of long-alkyl-chain derivatives of deoxygalactonojirimycin (DGJ), a class of iminosugars derived from galactose which does not inhibit endoplasmic reticulum (ER) α-glucosidases. We demonstrate the lack of correlation between the ability of long-alkyl-chain DNJ derivatives to inhibit ER α-glucosidases and their antiviral effect, ruling out ER α-glucosidase inhibition as the sole mechanism responsible. Using short- and long-alkyl-chain DNJ and DGJ derivatives, we investigated the mechanisms of action of these drugs. First, we excluded their potential action at the level of the replication, protein synthesis, and protein processing. Second, we demonstrated that DNJ derivatives cause both a reduction in viral secretion and a reduction in the infectivity of newly released viral particles. Long-alkyl-chain DGJ derivatives exert their antiviral effect solely via the production of viral particles with reduced infectivity. We demonstrate that long-alkyl-chain DNJ and DGJ derivatives induce an increase in the quantity of E2-E2 dimers accumulated within the ER. The subsequent enrichment of these homodimers in secreted virus particles correlates with their reduced infectivity.

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