scholarly journals Combined Effects of Water Depth and Velocity on the Accelerometric Parameters Measured in Horses Exercised on a Water Treadmill

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aritz Saitua ◽  
Mireya Becero ◽  
David Argüelles ◽  
Cristina Castejón-Riber ◽  
Antonia Sánchez de Medina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Muscle Power ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Dorsoventral Axis ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
Pectoral Region ◽  
Water Treadmill

Horse trainers often claim that exercise on a water treadmill (WT) leads to a greater muscle power and development compared to terrestrial locomotion, because of the greater viscosity of water compared to air. This research assesses locomotor changes measured with accelerometers fixed in the pectoral region and in the sacrum midline in six horses subjected to exercise sessions of 40 min duration on a WT without water (DT), and with water at the depth of fetlock (FET) and carpus (CAR) with velocities of 6 km/h and at the depth of stifle (STF) at 5 km/h. Another five horses performed the same exercise sessions but always with a velocity of 5 km/h. Total power increased from DT to FET and CAR, without significant differences between CAR and STF depths when the velocity was the same. However, a significant decrease was found when the velocity was reduced. The greater total power with water was distributed mainly to the dorsoventral axis, with significant increases in dorsoventral displacement and dorsoventral power. Both parameters were significantly affected by velocity and water depth. In conclusion, total and dorsoventral powers increased with velocity and water depth, leading to reduction in longitudinal and mediolateral power, during exercise on a WT.

scholarly journals Capacitive resistive electric transfer modifies gait pattern in horses exercised on a treadmill

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mireya Becero ◽  
Aritz Saitua ◽  
David Argüelles ◽  
Antonia Lucía Sánchez de Medina ◽  
Cristina Castejón-Riber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stride Length ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Gait Pattern ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Stride Frequency ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Sham Procedure ◽  
Hemoglobin Saturation ◽  
Pectoral Region ◽  
Deep Temperature

Abstract Background Capacitive resistive electric transfer (CRET), a radiofrequency at 448 kHz, resulted in increased superficial and deep temperature and hemoglobin saturation, faster elimination of metabolic and inflammatory products and enhanced sport performance in humans. This research aims to investigate whether the application of CRET affects the locomotor pattern in horses and to assess whether an accumulative effect appears when two CRET sessions are applied two consecutive days. Methods Nine horses were subjected to two CRET sessions applied in both right and left sides of neck, shoulder, back and croup. The horses were exercised on a treadmill, at walk and at trot, before CRET application and at 2, 6 and 12 h after. A second CRET session was applied next day, and the animals were evaluated again at the same times (i.e. at 26, 30 and 36 h after the first session). Between 5 and 7 days later, the same horses were subjected to a sham procedure and they were evaluated in the same times as in the CRET experiment. During treadmill exercise, locomotor parameters were measured with a triaxial accelerometer fixed in the pectoral region and in the sacrum midline. Results The sham procedure did not affect any of the accelerometric variables studied. CRET applications resulted in greater total powers, which resulted in absolute increased dorsoventral, mediolateral and longitudinal powers. However, a reduction in dorsoventral power expressed as a percentage of total power was found. Stride regularity increased. The greater total power resulted in longer stride length and because the velocity was kept fixed on the treadmill, stride frequency decreased. An accumulative effect of CRET application was only found in stride length and frequency. Conclusions It appears that CRET is a useful technique to enhance power and to elongate the stride at defined walk and trot velocities. The effect of these changes on performance should be studied for horses competing in different sport disciplines.

scholarly journals Ocean Current Turbine Power Maximization: A Spatiotemporal Optimization Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufei Tang
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Ocean Current ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Cumulative Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Systems ◽  
Power Maximization ◽  
Current Turbine

This paper presents a novel spatiotemporal optimization approach for maximizing the output power of an ocean current turbine (OCT) under uncertain ocean velocities. In order to determine output power, ocean velocities and the power consumed and generated by an OCT system are modeled. The stochastic behavior of ocean velocities is a function of time and location, which is modeled as a Gaussian process. The power of the OCT system is composed of three parts, including generated power, power for maintaining the system at an operating depth, and power consumed for changing the water depth to reach the maximum power. Two different algorithms, including model predictive control (MPC) as a model-based method and reinforcement learning (RL) as a learning-based method, are proposed to design the optimization structure, and comparative studies are presented. On one hand, the MPC based controller is faster in finding the optimal water depth, while the RL is also computationally feasible considering the required time for changing operating depth. On the other hand, the cumulative energy production of the RL algorithm is higher than the MPC method, which verifies that the learning-based RL algorithm can provide a better solution to address the uncertainties in renewable energy systems. Results verify the efficiency of both presented methods in maximizing the total power of an OCT system, where the total harnessed energy after 200 hours shows an over 18% increase compared to the baseline.

scholarly journals Ocean Current Turbine Power Maximization: A Spatiotemporal Optimization Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufei Tang
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Ocean Current ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Cumulative Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Systems ◽  
Power Maximization ◽  
Current Turbine

This paper presents a novel spatiotemporal optimization approach for maximizing the output power of an ocean current turbine (OCT) under uncertain ocean velocities. In order to determine output power, ocean velocities and the power consumed and generated by an OCT system are modeled. The stochastic behavior of ocean velocities is a function of time and location, which is modeled as a Gaussian process. The power of the OCT system is composed of three parts, including generated power, power for maintaining the system at an operating depth, and power consumed for changing the water depth to reach the maximum power. Two different algorithms, including model predictive control (MPC) as a model-based method and reinforcement learning (RL) as a learning-based method, are proposed to design the optimization structure, and comparative studies are presented. On one hand, the MPC based controller is faster in finding the optimal water depth, while the RL is also computationally feasible considering the required time for changing operating depth. On the other hand, the cumulative energy production of the RL algorithm is higher than the MPC method, which verifies that the learning-based RL algorithm can provide a better solution to address the uncertainties in renewable energy systems. Results verify the efficiency of both presented methods in maximizing the total power of an OCT system, where the total harnessed energy after 200 hours shows an over 18% increase compared to the baseline.

scholarly journals COMBINED REFRACTION-DIFFRACTION CALCULATIONS WITH DIRECTIONAL WAVE SPECTRA

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (19) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gaillard
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Arbitrary Shape ◽  
Wave Spectrum ◽  
Wave Spectra ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Random Waves ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Wave Refraction ◽  
Directional Wave

A method of calculation of the combined effects of wave refraction, diffraction and reflection in harbours of arbitrary shape and non uniform water depth, subject to periodic or random waves is presented. Examples of application are given and practical aspects on the wave spectrum discretisation are considered.

Water depth effects on impact loading, kinematic and physiological variables during water treadmill running

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 108-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul W. Macdermid ◽  
Josh Wharton ◽  
Carina Schill ◽  
Philip W. Fink
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Impact Loading ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Water Treadmill ◽  
Depth Effects

Effect of water depth on muscle activity of dogs when walking on a water treadmill

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
S. Parkinson ◽  
A.P. Wills ◽  
G. Tabor ◽  
J.M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Muscle Activity ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Lateral Malleolus ◽  
Greater Trochanter ◽  
Lateral Epicondyle ◽  
The Right ◽  
Water Treadmill ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Water Depths

Evidence-informed practice is currently lacking in canine hydrotherapy. This study aimed to investigate if the estimated workload of the gluteus medius (GM) and longissimus dorsi (LD) increased in dogs at different water depths when walking on a water treadmill. Seven dogs were walked for 2 min continuously on a water treadmill at depths of no submersion (depth 1), mid-tarsal (depth 2), between lateral malleolus and lateral epicondyle (depth 3) and between the lateral epicondyle and greater trochanter (depth 4). Continuous electromyographic data from the right and left sides of GM and LD were collected simultaneously during exercise. Friedman’s analyses with post-hoc Wilcoxon tests established if significant differences in GM and LD muscle activity occurred between the water depths for mean estimated-workload. Significant differences occurred in estimated-workload in GM and LD between water depths (P<0.05). Mean estimated-workload decreased in the right and left GM between depths 2 (mid-tarsal) and 3 (between lateral malleolus and epicondyle) (P<0.007) and depths 2 and 4 (between lateral epicondyle and greater trochanter) (P<0.001), a pattern which was repeated for left and right LD (P<0.007). Right GM mean estimated-workload increased between depth 1 (no submersion) and depth 2 only (P<0.013). Water depth influences GM and LD activity in dogs walking on a water treadmill. Increasing knowledge of canine locomotion in water treadmills could be used to inform individualised rehabilitation regimes for dogs undertaking hydrotherapy.

scholarly journals Ocean Current Turbine Power Maximization: A Spatiotemporal Optimization Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufei Tang
Keyword(s):  
Output Power ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Ocean Current ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Cumulative Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Systems ◽  
Power Maximization ◽  
Current Turbine

This paper presents a novel spatiotemporal optimization approach for maximizing the output power of an ocean current turbine (OCT) under uncertain ocean velocities. In order to determine output power, ocean velocities and the power consumed and generated by an OCT system are modeled. The stochastic behavior of ocean velocities is a function of time and location, which is modeled as a Gaussian process. The power of the OCT system is composed of three parts, including generated power, power for maintaining the system at an operating depth, and power consumed for changing the water depth to reach the maximum power. Two different algorithms, including model predictive control (MPC) as a model-based method and reinforcement learning (RL) as a learning-based method, are proposed to design the optimization structure, and comparative studies are presented. On one hand, the MPC based controller is faster in finding the optimal water depth, while the RL is also computationally feasible considering the required time for changing operating depth. On the other hand, the cumulative energy production of the RL algorithm is higher than the MPC method, which verifies that the learning-based RL algorithm can provide a better solution to address the uncertainties in renewable energy systems. Results verify the efficiency of both presented methods in maximizing the total power of an OCT system, where the total harnessed energy after 200 hours shows an over 18% increase compared to the baseline.

scholarly journals The combined effects of midazolam and propofol sedation on muscle power

Anaesthesia ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 478-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Tomita ◽  
N. Matsuura ◽  
T. Ichinohe
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Power ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Propofol Sedation

Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. III. Energy changes of the centre of mass as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals

1982 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. C. Heglund ◽  
G. A. Cavagna ◽  
C. R. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Centre Of Mass ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Terrestrial Locomotion ◽  
The Third ◽  
Large Animals ◽  
Level Constant

This is the third in a series of four papers examining the link between the energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. It reports measurements of the mechanical work required (ECM, tot) to lift and reaccelerate an animal's centre of mass within each step as a function of speed and body size during level, constant average speed locomotion. A force platform was used in this study to measure ECM, tot for small bipeds, quadrupeds and hoppers. We have already published similar data from large animals. The total power required to lift and reaccelerate the centre of mass (ECM, tot) increased nearly linearly with speed for all the animals. Expressed in mass-specific terms, it was independent of body size and could be expressed by a simple equation: ECM, tot/Mb = 0.685 vg + 0.072 where ECM, tot/Mb has the units of W kg-1 and vg is speed in m s-1. Walking involves the same pendulum-like mechanism in small animals as has been described in humans and large animals. Also, running, trotting and hopping produce similar curves of ECM, tot as a function of time during a stride for both the small and large animals. Galloping, however, appears to be different in small and large animals. In small animals the front legs are used mainly for braking, while the back legs are used to reaccelerate the centre of mass within a stride. In large animals the front and hind legs serve to both brake and reaccelerate the animal; this difference in mechanics is significant in that it does not allow the utilization of elastic energy in the legs of small animals, but does in the legs of large animals.

scholarly journals Water depth modifies back kinematics of horses during water treadmill exercise

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 732-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Nankervis ◽  
P. Finney ◽  
L. Launder
Keyword(s):  
Water Depth ◽  
Treadmill Exercise ◽  
Water Treadmill
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