scholarly journals Electroencephalography Can Distinguish between Pain and Anaesthetic Intervention in Conscious Lambs Undergoing Castration

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charissa Harris ◽  
Peter John White ◽  
Virginia L. Mohler ◽  
Sabrina Lomax
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Local Anaesthesia ◽  
Pain Measurement ◽  
Conscious State ◽  
General Anaesthetic ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Australian Sheep ◽  
Ram Lambs

Australian sheep routinely undergo painful surgical husbandry procedures without anaesthesia or analgesia. Electroencephalography (EEG) has been shown to be a successful measure of pain in livestock under a general anaesthetic. The aim of this study was to compare this EEG model to that of conscious lambs undergoing castration with and without local anaesthesia. Sixteen merino crossbred ram lambs 6 to 8 weeks of age (13.81kg ± 1.97) were used in the study. Lambs were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 treatment groups: (1) Conscious EEG and surgical castration with no anaesthetic intervention (CON; n = 4); (2) Conscious EEG and surgical castration with pre-operative applied intra-testicular lignocaine injection (CON + LIG; n = 4); (3) surgical castration under minimal anaesthesia (MAM; n = 4); (4) and surgical castration with pre-operative lignocaine injection (2 mL lignocaine hydrochloride 20 mg/mL, under minimal anaesthesia (MAM + LIG; n = 4). Distinct differences in the EEG parameters Ptot, F50 and F95 between pre-and post-castration in conscious lambs were demonstrated in this study (p < 0.01). Further, CON and CON + LIG treatments were distinguishable using F50 and F95 measures (p = 0.02, p = 0.04, respectively). Significant changes in the EEG output of MAM animals were identified pre- to post-castration (p < 0.01). The EEG output of MAM and MAM + LIG were similar. EEG was successful in differentiating lambs treated with pain relief in a conscious state after castration by examining F50 and F95, which may suggest the suitability of conscious EEG pain measurement.

scholarly journals Adolescents’ pain and distress during peripheral intravenous cannulation in a paediatric emergency setting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Cozzi ◽  
Marta Cognigni ◽  
Riccardo Busatto ◽  
Veronica Grigoletto ◽  
Manuela Giangreco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Local Anaesthesia ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Emergency Setting ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Paediatric Emergency Department ◽  
Paediatric Emergency ◽  
Significant Difference

AbstractThe objective of the study is to investigate pain and distress experienced by a group of adolescents and children during peripheral intravenous cannulation in a paediatric emergency department. This cross-sectional study was performed between November 2019 and June 2020 at the paediatric emergency department of the Institute for Maternal and Child Health of Trieste, Italy. Eligible subjects were patients between 4 and 17 years old undergoing intravenous cannulation, split into three groups based on their age: adolescents (13–17 years), older children (8–12 years), and younger children (4–7 years). Procedural distress and pain scores were recorded through validated scales. Data on the use of topical anaesthesia, distraction techniques, and physical or verbal comfort during procedures were also collected. We recruited 136 patients: 63 adolescents, 48 older children, and 25 younger children. There was no statistically significant difference in the median self-reported procedural pain found in adolescents (4; IQR = 2–6) versus older and younger children (5; IQR = 2–8 and 6; IQR = 2–8, respectively). Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in the rate of distress between adolescents (79.4%), older (89.6%), and younger (92.0%) children. Adolescents received significantly fewer pain relief techniques.Conclusion: This study shows that adolescents experience similar pain and pre-procedural distress as younger children during peripheral intravenous cannulation. What is Known:• Topical and local anaesthesia, physical and verbal comfort, and distraction are useful interventions for pain and anxiety management during intravenous cannulation in paediatric settings. • No data is available on pain and distress experienced by adolescents in the specific setting of the emergency department. What is New:• Adolescents experienced high levels of pre-procedural distress in most cases and similar levels of pain and distress when compared to younger patients• The number of pain relief techniques employed during procedures was inversely proportional to patient’s age, topical or local anaesthesia were rarely used

Analgesia and anaesthesia

2020 ◽  
pp. 281-327
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Wyatt ◽  
Robert G. Taylor ◽  
Kerstin de Wit ◽  
Emily J. Hotton ◽  
Robin J. Illingworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Nerve Block ◽  
Local Anaesthetic ◽  
Local Anaesthesia ◽  
Femoral Nerve Block ◽  
Rapid Sequence Induction ◽  
Femoral Nerve ◽  
General Anaesthetic ◽  
Intravenous Sedation ◽  
Nerve Blocks

This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of Emergency Medicine investigates analgesia and anaesthesia in the emergency department (ED). It looks at options for relieving pain, such as the analgesics aspirin, paracetamol, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), morphine and other opioids, Entonox®, and ketamine, and explores analgesia for trauma and other specific situations. It discusses local anaesthesia (LA) and local anaesthetic toxicity, including use of adrenaline (epinephrine) and general principles of local anaesthesia. It explores blocks such as Bier’s block, local anaesthetic nerve blocks, intercostal nerve block, digital nerve block, median and ulnar nerve blocks, radial nerve block at the wrist, dental anaesthesia, nerve blocks of the forehead and ear, fascia iliaca compartment block, femoral nerve block, and nerve blocks at the ankle. It examines sedation, including drugs for intravenous sedation and sedation in children, and discusses general anaesthesia in the emergency department, emergency anaesthesia and rapid sequence induction, difficult intubation, and general anaesthetic drugs.

Aspirin Treatment of Migraine Attacks: Plasma Drug Level Data

Cephalalgia ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Ross-Lee ◽  
Vernon Heazlewood ◽  
John H. Tyrer ◽  
Mervyn J. Eadie
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Drug Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plasma Drug Level ◽  
Plasma Drug ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Oral Aspirin

Plasma aspirin and salicylate levels were measured at intervals over a two hour period during migraine attacks in 10 subjects given 900 mg oral aspirin alone, in 10 subjects given 900 mg oral aspirin plus 10 mg oral metoclopramide, and in 10 subjects given 900 mg oral aspirin plus an intramuscular injection of 10 mg metoclopramide. Higher peak aspirin and salicylate levels occurred in patients given aspirin with metoclopramide. Aspirin tended to appear in plasma earlier in patients given aspirin with oral metoclopramide than in patients given aspirin alone, or aspirin with intramuscular metoclopramide. Patients given aspirin with oral metoclopramide tended to obtain better early pain relief than the other two treatment groups, though by one hour from dosage use of injected metoclopramide was also associated with better pain relief.

Combined Indomethacin/Gentamicin Eyedrops to Reduce Pain after Traumatic Corneal Abrasion

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Alberti ◽  
C.G. Bouat ◽  
C.M. Allaire ◽  
C.J. Trinquand
Keyword(s):  
Pain Relief ◽  
Analogue Scale ◽  
Analgesic Action ◽  
Pain Visual Analogue Scale ◽  
Corneal Abrasion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Comparable Level ◽  
Associated Symptoms ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Purpose To evaluate the analgesic action of combined indomethacin 0.1% / gentamicin eyedrops in traumatic corneal abrasion. Methods We evaluated 123 patients presenting traumatic corneal abrasion in a multicentre, randomised, double-masked study comparing two parallel treatment groups: indomethacin / gentamicin (group 1) or gentamicin alone (group 2). Study treatments were administered four times daily for 5–6 days. Pain (visual analogue scale), associated symptoms and safety were assessed. Results Starting from a comparable level, pain was reduced by 30% in group 1 and 15% in group 2, one hour after the first instillation, and by 59% and 42% respectively after the second. The global difference in pain relief from day 0 to day 4/5 was significantly better in group 1 (p = 0.015). Associated ophthalmic symptoms showed a greater decrease in group 1 after the first instillation (p = 0.007). Both treatments were well tolerated. Conclusions Combined indomethacin/gentamicin eyedrops were effective and well tolerated in reducing the pain and discomfort associated with traumatic corneal abrasion.

Acupuncture for Acute Postoperative Pain Relief in a Patient with Pregnancy-Induced Thrombocytopenia – a Case Report

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susmita Oomman ◽  
David Liu ◽  
Mike Cummings
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Pain Relief ◽  
Elective Caesarean Section ◽  
Early Postoperative Period ◽  
General Anaesthetic ◽  
Acute Postoperative Pain ◽  
Analgesic Drugs ◽  
Anaesthetic Procedure ◽  
The Right

A 39 year old woman, scheduled for elective caesarean section in her second pregnancy, developed thrombocytopenia. Therefore, at the time of surgery, spinal anaesthesia and non-steroidal analgesic drugs were avoided and she was given a standard general anaesthetic procedure including fentanyl 100μg and morphine 10mg. In the early postoperative period she received tramadol 100mg and a further 10mg of morphine. These drugs did not control her pain, but caused side effects - in particular nausea and retching. Acupuncture to LI4 and PC6 on the right side produced dramatic pain relief within minutes.

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