Retrospective Analysis of the Effectiveness and Reversibility of Long-Acting Contraception Etonogestrel (Implanon®) in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Contraception is an important population control method for the colony management of primates housed in captivity. Etonogestrel (ENG) implants (i.e., Implanon®) are a widely used progestin-based contraceptive in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with the theoretical advantages of being reversible and long-acting. However, no dose and efficacy data are available yet. Therefore, data from 52 adult female marmosets contracepted with ENG (one-fourth or one-third of an implant) housed at the Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC, Rijswijk, The Netherlands) over the past 18 years were analyzed. Using an electronic database, a retrospective longitudinal cohort study was conducted to calculate the reproductive data before, during and after ENG use. The data show an effectiveness in preventing pregnancy of 99%. The implant was effective within one week after insertion. Unintended pregnancies did occur, but in 60% of these cases, the animals were already pregnant at the time of implant insertion. In these cases, healthy offspring were born despite the use of the implant. No stillbirths, neonatal deaths or maternal deaths could be linked to ENG use. After implant removal, 83% of the animals delivered healthy offspring. No difference in contraception efficacy was observed between the use of one-fourth or one-third of an implant. ENG achieved a contraceptive protection exceeding 99% and was shown to be reversible concerning fertility. To our knowledge, this is the first detailed analysis on the use of ENG in marmosets.

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Discovery of a Novel Simian Pegivirus in Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with Lymphocytic Enterocolitis

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8101509 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 1509

Author(s):

Anna S. Heffron ◽

Michael Lauck ◽

Elizabeth D. Somsen ◽

Elizabeth C. Townsend ◽

Adam L. Bailey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New England ◽

Common Marmoset ◽

Callithrix Jacchus ◽

Research Center ◽

Primate Research ◽

The Novel ◽

Common Marmosets ◽

Clinically Normal ◽

Novel Virus ◽

Normal Controls

From 2010 to 2015, 73 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) housed at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC) were diagnosed postmortem with lymphocytic enterocolitis. We used unbiased deep-sequencing to screen the blood of deceased enterocolitis-positive marmosets for viruses. In five out of eight common marmosets with lymphocytic enterocolitis, we discovered a novel pegivirus not present in ten matched, clinically normal controls. The novel virus, which we named Southwest bike trail virus (SOBV), is most closely related (68% nucleotide identity) to a strain of simian pegivirus A isolated from a three-striped night monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). We screened 146 living WNPRC common marmosets for SOBV, finding an overall prevalence of 34% (50/146). Over four years, 85 of these 146 animals died or were euthanized. Histological examination revealed 27 SOBV-positive marmosets from this cohort had lymphocytic enterocolitis, compared to 42 SOBV-negative marmosets, indicating no association between SOBV and disease in this cohort (p = 0.0798). We also detected SOBV in two of 33 (6%) clinically normal marmosets screened during transfer from the New England Primate Research Center, suggesting SOBV could be exerting confounding influences on comparisons of common marmoset studies from multiple colonies.

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Discovery of a novel simian pegivirus in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with lymphocytic enterocolitis

10.1101/2020.05.24.113662 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Anna S. Heffron ◽

Michael Lauck ◽

Elizabeth D. Somsen ◽

Elizabeth C. Townsend ◽

Adam L. Bailey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

New England ◽

Callithrix Jacchus ◽

Research Center ◽

Primate Research ◽

The Novel ◽

Histologic Diagnosis ◽

Common Marmosets ◽

Clinically Normal ◽

Novel Virus ◽

National Primate Research

AbstractFrom 2010 to 2015, 73 common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) housed at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center (WNPRC) were diagnosed postmortem with lymphocytic enterocolitis. We used unbiased deep-sequencing to screen the blood of deceased enterocolitis-positive marmosets for the presence of RNA viruses. In five out of eight marmosets with lymphocytic enterocolitis, we discovered a novel pegivirus that was not present in ten subsequently deep-sequenced matched, clinically-normal common marmosets with no evidence of lymphocytic enterocolitis. The novel virus, which we have named Southwest bike trail virus (SOBV), is most closely related (68% nucleotide identity) to a strain of simian pegivirus A that was previously isolated from a three-striped night monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). To determine the prevalence of this novel virus within the WNPRC marmoset colony, we screened 146 living animals and found an overall prevalence of 34% (50/146). Over the next four years, 85 of the 146 screened marmosets died or were euthanized and were examined histologically for lymphocytic enterocolitis. Out of these 85 animals, 27 SOBV-positive common marmosets had developed lymphocytic enterocolitis, compared to 42 SOBV-negative common marmosets, indicating no evidence of an association between this virus and development of enterocolitis in this cohort (p=0.0798). The novel pegivirus was also found in two of 32 (6%) clinically-normal common marmosets screened while in quarantine during the transfer from the New England Primate Research Center to the WNPRC, suggesting SOBV has different prevalence at different centers and could exert confounding influences on the comparison of marmoset studies from multiple centers.ImportanceCommon marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) are a valuable model species. We discovered two variants of a novel simian pegivirus, which we named the Southwest bike trail virus (SOBV), in common marmosets which had postmortem histologic diagnosis of lymphocytic enterocolitis. The virus was not present in ten matched, clinically-normal controls. We screened 146 live healthy common marmosets in the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center colony and found 34% (50/146) of the animals were SOBV-positive. SOBV was also present in two of 32 (6%) clinically-normal common marmosets from the New England Primate Research Center. These findings could have confounding effects in animal studies, especially those in which infection-free animals are desired, and they demonstrate the need for further investigations into SOBV transmission, the length of time of SOBV persistence, and SOBV prevalence at other primate centers, in order to increase understanding of the effects of SOBV and of this viral genus.

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Fatal Herpes simplex Infection in a Group of Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)

Veterinary Pathology ◽

10.1354/vp.40-4-405 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 405-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

K. Mätz-Rensing ◽

K. D. Jentsch ◽

S. Rensing ◽

S. Langenhuyzen ◽

E. Verschoor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virus Isolation ◽

Human Herpesvirus ◽

Callithrix Jacchus ◽

Common Marmosets ◽

Macroscopic Appearance ◽

Colony Management ◽

Simplex Infection ◽

B Virus ◽

Mucous Membranes ◽

Herpesvirus 1

An outbreak of classical herpetic infection causing vesicoulcerative stomatitis in a family group (eight animals) of Callithrix jacchus is described. In all eight infected animals, human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) was identified as the causative agent. This was confirmed by histologic, immunohistologic, and molecular biologic investigations, as well as by virus isolation. The clinical picture, the macroscopic appearance, and the histologic results indicated a herpes infection as the cause of mortality. Alterations of the oral mucous membranes were erosive to ulcerative with typical intranuclear inclusions. Immunohistologic and molecular biologic techniques clearly identified the HHV-1 virus and excluded other possible primate herpesviruses such as B-virus, SA8, HVP-2, and Herpes tamarinus. The significance of this herpesvirus infection for colony management is discussed.

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Awareness, Knowledge and Comprehension of Media Messages on Family Planning as Predictors of Practice among Civil Servants in Lagos State, Nigeria

Global Journal of Health Science ◽

10.5539/gjhs.v12n1p96 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 96

Author(s):

Helen Odunola Adekoya ◽

Mofoluke Akoja ◽

Charles Maduabuchi Ekeh ◽

Nneoma Anaeto

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Control Method ◽

Population Control ◽

Civil Servants ◽

Chi Square ◽

Lagos State ◽

Planning Methods ◽

Long Acting ◽

Study Participants ◽

Family Planning Methods

Family planning is a population control method practiced in various countries including Nigeria; however, it cannot be practice unless people are aware of it and its methods. Thus, awareness, knowledge and comprehension of family planning messages as predictors of practice is studied. 478 copies of questionnaire were distributed to that number of civil servants at the Lagos state secretariat, Alausa from where the population for the study was drawn. With a response rate of 95.8%, 458 copies were retrieved and analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 22, while hypotheses were tested using the Pearson Chi-Square. Findings revealed that there is high awareness of family planning messages among study participants with posters as the major medium of awareness. The study also found that the long-acting family planning methods are the most known family planning methods and that the practice is well known and common among study participants.

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