scholarly journals Common and Novel Markers for Measuring Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Ex Vivo in Research and Clinical Practice—Which to Use Regarding Disease Outcomes?

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Alain Menzel ◽  
Hanen Samouda ◽  
Francois Dohet ◽  
Suva Loap ◽  
Mohammed S. Ellulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation

Many chronic conditions such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type-2 diabetes, obesity, peripheral/coronary artery disease and auto-immune diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation. Closely related to inflammation is oxidative stress (OS), which can be either causal or secondary to inflammation. While a low level of OS is physiological, chronically increased OS is deleterious. Therefore, valid biomarkers of these signalling pathways may enable detection and following progression of OS/inflammation as well as to evaluate treatment efficacy. Such biomarkers should be stable and obtainable through non-invasive methods and their determination should be affordable and easy. The most frequently used inflammatory markers include acute-phase proteins, essentially CRP, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen and procalcitonin, and cytokines, predominantly TNFα, interleukins 1β, 6, 8, 10 and 12 and their receptors and IFNγ. Some cytokines appear to be disease-specific. Conversely, OS—being ubiquitous—and its biomarkers appear less disease or tissue-specific. These include lipid peroxidation products, e.g., F2-isoprostanes and malondialdehyde, DNA breakdown products (e.g., 8-OH-dG), protein adducts (e.g., carbonylated proteins), or antioxidant status. More novel markers include also –omics related ones, as well as non-invasive, questionnaire-based measures, such as the dietary inflammatory-index (DII), but their link to biological responses may be variable. Nevertheless, many of these markers have been clearly related to a number of diseases. However, their use in clinical practice is often limited, due to lacking analytical or clinical validation, or technical challenges. In this review, we strive to highlight frequently employed and useful markers of inflammation-related OS, including novel promising markers.

scholarly journals Exhaled breath condensate: a potential tool to evaluate the relationship between inflammation and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-7
Author(s):  
Stephanos Patsiris ◽  
Grigoris Stelios ◽  
Ilias Papanikolaou ◽  
Themis Exarchos ◽  
Panayiotis Vlamos
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Exhaled Breath Condensate ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Exhaled Breath ◽  
Subjective Character ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Breath Condensate

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a respiratory disease with high prevalence. Many factors contribute to its development, and probably that leads to its various clinical pictures. Inflammation is the mechanism responsible for the structural alterations in the lungs. Despite its heterogeneity, there are a couple of primary symptoms characterizing it, which are chronic and productive cough and dyspnea. The understanding of dyspnea in COPD is based on theories deriving from the interaction of a network formed between the cardiorespiratory and the neuromuscular system and their receptors. Many factors contribute to its occurrence, making it complex and giving it a very subjective character for a person to perceive. Various methods are used to study COPD. Non-invasive ones seem to attract attention nowadays. One of them is the exhaled breath condensate. It is a biofluid with rich content, which can capture a picture of the pathological processes happening in the lungs. Its study has shown that some markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, such as 8-isoprostane and H2O2, are elevated and able to connect dyspnea and inflammation. Additionally, they seem to provide information of the ongoing inflammatory process in the lungs as well as a picture of the severity of the symptoms. This evidence may enhance the association of dyspnea with dysfunctional breathing. Despite these interesting findings, further research is necessary both in dyspnea and inflammation in COPD to clarify their mechanisms and connective pathways. The utility of non-invasive techniques such as the exhaled breath condensate could be of significant help, but its establishment in the medical field requires extra studies.

scholarly journals Markers of airway inflammation in pulmonary diseases assessed by induced sputum

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Dragonieri ◽  
O. Tongoussouva ◽  
A. Zanini ◽  
A. Imperatori ◽  
A. Spanevello
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Airway Inflammation ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Induced Sputum ◽  
Pulmonary Diseases ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation

During recent years there has been a growing interest in using non-invasive biomarkers to understand and monitor the airway inflammation in subjects with respiratory tract disorders. To date, the best validated and performing non-invasive biomarkers are measures of inflammation in induced sputum in both cellular and fluid phase, which can provide biological insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The purpose of this review is to examine the principal literature on the different markers of inflammation in pulmonary diseases assessed by induced sputum analysis in either cellular or fluid phase.

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