scholarly journals Supramaximal Eccentric Training for Alpine Ski Racing—Strength Training with the Lifter

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 8831
Author(s):  
Carson Patterson ◽  
Christian Raschner
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Isometric Exercise ◽  
Testing Device ◽  
Eccentric Training ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Muscular Work ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Squat Jumps ◽  
Ski Racers

Eccentric muscular work plays a large role in alpine ski racing. Training with supramaximal eccentric loads (SME) is highly effective to improve eccentric strength but potentially dangerous. Most SME training devices do not allow the athlete to move a barbell freely as they would when performing conventional barbell training. The Intelligent Motion Lifter (IML) allows for safe SME training with a free barbell and no spotters. The IML can be used for free barbell training: a spotter for normal training, eccentric only, concentric only, and squat jumps. It is also a training and testing device for isokinetic and isometric exercise. This commentary addresses the necessity of eccentric training for elite alpine ski racers, the development of the IML and its use in training.

Changes in H reflex and neuromechanical properties of the trapezius muscle after 5 weeks of eccentric training: a randomized controlled trial

2014 ◽  
Vol 116 (12) ◽  
pp. 1623-1631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Vangsgaard ◽  
Janet L. Taylor ◽  
Ernst A. Hansen ◽  
Pascal Madeleine
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Trapezius Muscle ◽  
Training Group ◽  
H Reflex ◽  
Eccentric Training ◽  
Voluntary Activity ◽  
Stimulation Of

Trapezius muscle Hoffman (H) reflexes were obtained to investigate the neural adaptations induced by a 5-wk strength training regimen, based solely on eccentric contractions of the shoulder muscles. Twenty-nine healthy subjects were randomized into an eccentric training group ( n = 15) and a reference group ( n = 14). The eccentric training program consisted of nine training sessions of eccentric exercise performed over a 5-wk period. H-reflex recruitment curves, the maximal M wave (Mmax), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force, rate of force development (RFD), and electromyographic (EMG) voluntary activity were recorded before and after training. H reflexes were recorded from the middle part of the trapezius muscle by electrical stimulation of the C3/4 cervical nerves; Mmax was measured by electrical stimulation of the accessory nerve. Eccentric strength training resulted in significant increases in the maximal trapezius muscle H reflex (Hmax) (21.4% [5.5–37.3]; P = 0.01), MVC force (26.4% [15.0–37.7]; P < 0.01), and RFD (24.6% [3.2–46.0]; P = 0.025), while no significant changes were observed in the reference group. Mmax remained unchanged in both groups. A significant positive correlation was found between the change in MVC force and the change in EMG voluntary activity in the training group ( r = 0.57; P = 0.03). These results indicate that the net excitability of the trapezius muscle H-reflex pathway increased after 5 wk of eccentric training. This is the first study to investigate and document changes in the trapezius muscle H reflex following eccentric strength training.

Effect of Eccentric Strength Training on Elbow Flexor Spasticity and Muscle Weakness in People With Multiple Sclerosis: Proof-of-Concept Single-System Case Series

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (7) ◽  
pp. 1142-1152
Author(s):  
Andrea Manca ◽  
Gianluca Martinez ◽  
Elena Aiello ◽  
Lucia Ventura ◽  
Franca Deriu
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Eccentric Contractions ◽  
Single System ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Eccentric Training ◽  
Passive Motion ◽  
Active Range Of Motion

Abstract Objective To date, no attention has been devoted to the employment of eccentric contractions to manage spasticity in multiple sclerosis. This single-system case series aimed to explore the effects of eccentric training on spasticity-related resistance to passive motion in people with multiple sclerosis with elbow flexor spasticity. Methods Six people with multiple sclerosis (median Expanded Disability Status Scale score = 4.8, range = 2.0–5.5; Modified Ashworth Scale [MAS] score ≤ 3) underwent a 6-week eccentric strength training of the spastic muscles. Before and after the intervention, the following outcomes were assessed: resistive peak torque (RPT), isometric strength, resting limb position, passive range of motion and active range of motion, severity of hypertonia by MAS, and numerical rating scale. At baseline, the primary outcome (RPT) was tested over 3 time points to ensure a stable measurement. The 2-SD method was used to test pre-post training effects at individual level. Group-level analyses were also performed. Results Following the intervention RPT decreased by at least 2 SDs in all participants but 1, with a significant reduction at group level of 41.6 (29.6)%. Four people with multiple sclerosis reported a reduction in perceived spasticity severity. No changes in MAS score were detected. Group-level analyses revealed that maximal strength increased significantly in the trained elbow flexors (+30.9 [9.1]%). Elbow flexion at rest was found to be significantly reduced (−35.5 [12.4]%), whereas passive range of motion (+4.6%) and active range of motion (+11.8%) significantly increased. Conclusion Eccentric training is feasible and safe to manage spasticity in people with multiple sclerosis. Preliminary data showed that this protocol can reduce resistance to passive motion, also improving strength, spasticity-free range of motion, and limb positioning. Impact Patients with multiple sclerosis–related spasticity and moderate-to-severe disability can benefit from adding slow submaximal eccentric contractions to the conventional management of spasticity.

The effect of eccentric strength training on heart rate and on its variability during isometric exercise in healthy older men

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. M. Takahashi ◽  
R. C. Melo ◽  
R. J. Quitério ◽  
E. Silva ◽  
A. M. Catai
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Isometric Exercise ◽  
Older Men

scholarly journals A Systematic Review of Isometric Lingual Strength-Training Programs in Adults With and Without Dysphagia

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 524-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria S. McKenna ◽  
Bin Zhang ◽  
Morgan B. Haines ◽  
Lisa N. Kelchner
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Isometric Exercise ◽  
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Maximum Peak ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Review Reports ◽  
Swallow Function

Purpose This systematic review summarizes the effects of isometric lingual strength training on lingual strength and swallow function in adult populations. Furthermore, it evaluates the designs of the reviewed studies and identifies areas of future research in isometric lingual strength training for dysphagia remediation. Method A comprehensive literature search of 3 databases and additional backward citation search identified 10 studies for inclusion in the review. The review reports and discusses the isometric-exercise intervention protocols, pre- and postintervention lingual-pressure data (maximum peak pressures and lingual-palatal pressures during swallowing), and oropharyngeal swallowing measures such as penetration-aspiration scales, oropharyngeal residue and duration, lingual volumes, and quality-of-life assessments. Results Studies reported gains in maximum peak lingual pressures following isometric lingual strength training for both healthy adults and select groups of individuals with dysphagia. However, due to the variability in study designs, it remains unclear whether strength gains generalize to swallow function. Conclusion Although isometric lingual strength training is a promising intervention for oropharyngeal dysphagia, the current literature is too variable to confidently report specific therapeutic benefits. Future investigations should target homogenous patient populations and use randomized controlled trials to determine the efficacy of this treatment for individuals with dysphagia.

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