scholarly journals The Effects of Chlorinated Drinking Water on the Assembly of the Intestinal Microbiome

Challenges ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Martino
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Intestinal Microbiome ◽  
Ecological Disturbance ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Public Drinking ◽  
The Individual

This concept paper discusses the potential impact of chlorinated public drinking water on the assembly of the intestinal microbiome in infancy. The addition of chlorine or hypochlorite to metropolitan drinking water is routinely used worldwide as a sanitizer because of its potent anti-microbial properties. It is one of the most effective means of delivering safe drinkable water because it produces a residual disinfectant that persists within the distribution system. Levels of chlorine used to treat metropolitan water are considered safe for the individual, based on toxicity studies. However, to our knowledge there have been no studies examining whether levels of persistent chlorine exposure from tap water are also safe for the ecosystem of microorganisms that colonize the gastrointestinal tract. Given the importance of the microbiome in health, persistent exposure to low levels of chlorine may be a hitherto unrecognized risk factor for gut dysbiosis, which has now been linked to virtually every chronic non-communicable disease of the modern era. Although effects may be subtle, young children and infants are more susceptible to ecological disturbance, given that the microbiome is highly influenced by environmental factors during this period. Here I outline considerations for the safety of water disinfectants not just in terms of toxicity to the host, but also for the ecosystem of microorganisms that inhabit us. Research in this is likely to bear fruitful information that could either bring attention to this issue, potentially driving new innovations in public water management; or could help confirm the safety profile of chlorine levels in public drinking water.

scholarly journals Mistrust at the tap? Factors contributing to public drinking water (mis)perception across US households

Water Policy ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Pierce ◽  
Silvia Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Public Drinking ◽  
Using Data

How individuals perceive the safety of their public drinking water influences whether they reach for the tap to quench their thirst, or an alternative such as bottled water or a sugary drink. In turn, mistrust of drinking water quality and subsequent reliance on alternative beverage sources can adversely impact health, welfare and the environment. Using data from the 2013 American Housing Survey, we provide the first national, rigorous assessment of individuals’ perception of their public drinking water supply. We found strong evidence that perception of water quality is most influenced by individual and household indicators of socioeconomic status – education level, household income, racial or ethnic minority status, and most importantly foreign-born nativity, especially from Latin America. By contrast, our findings provide little indication that perception is tied to known built environment or neighborhood risk factors affecting water safety and quality. We outline the implications of our findings for proponents of enhanced tap water consumption, including public drinking water systems, county public health agencies, and particularly for environmental justice non-profits.

scholarly journals 842First Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis Death Associated with Exposure to Tap Water from a Treated Public Drinking Water System

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S241-S242
Author(s):  
Jennifer Cope ◽  
Raoult Ratard ◽  
Jonathan S. Yoder ◽  
Theresa Sokol ◽  
Jake Causey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Water System ◽  
Drinking Water System ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Public Drinking ◽  
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis

scholarly journals The Seasonality of Nitrite Concentrations in a Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pirjo-Liisa Rantanen ◽  
Ilkka Mellin ◽  
Minna Keinänen-Toivola ◽  
Merja Ahonen ◽  
Riku Vahala
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution System ◽  
Ammonium Oxidation ◽  
Water Age ◽  
Sampling Campaign ◽  
Drinking Water Distribution

We studied the seasonal variation of nitrite exposure in a drinking water distribution system (DWDS) with monochloramine disinfection in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area. In Finland, tap water is the main source of drinking water, and thus the nitrite in tap water increases nitrite exposure. Our data included both the obligatory monitoring and a sampling campaign data from a sampling campaign. Seasonality was evaluated by comparing a nitrite time series to temperature and by calculating the seasonal indices of the nitrite time series. The main drivers of nitrite seasonality were the temperature and the water age. We observed that with low water ages (median: 6.7 h) the highest nitrite exposure occurred during the summer months, and with higher water ages (median: 31 h) during the winter months. With the highest water age (190 h), nitrite concentrations were the lowest. At a low temperature, the high nitrite concentrations in the winter were caused by the decelerated ammonium oxidation. The dominant reaction at low water ages was ammonium oxidation into nitrite and, at high water ages, it was nitrite oxidation into nitrate. These results help to direct monitoring appropriately to gain exact knowledge of nitrite exposure. Also, possible future process changes and additional disinfection measures can be designed appropriately to minimize extra nitrite exposure.

scholarly journals Kilis İli İçme Sularının Koliform Bakteri Yönünden İncelenmesi

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Ayşenur Özşavlı ◽  
Figen Şahin ◽  
Mehtap Sadak ◽  
Kıvılcım Çaktü Güler
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Public Drinking ◽  
Different Sources

In this study, fecal pollution was investigated in 6 different sources of public drinking water in Kilis. In the samples taken as seasonal (October, January, April and July) total coliform was tested with the Most Probable Number method. The total number of coliforms detected these source used as drinking water ranged from 3-1100

scholarly journals Application of model fitting technique to enhance bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) measurement for drinking water supply monitoring

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjin Xue ◽  
Christopher W. K. Chow ◽  
John van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Supply ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Bacterial Regrowth

Abstract The bacterial regrowth potential (BRP) method was utilised to indirectly measure the assimilable organic carbon (AOC) as an indicator for the assessment of the microbial regrowth potential in drinking water distribution systems. A model using various microbial growth parameters was developed in order to standardise the experimental interpretation for BRP measurement. This study used 82 experimental BRP data sets of water samples collected from the water treatment plant to locations (customer taps) in the distribution system. The data were used to model the BRP process (growth curve) by a data fitting procedure and to obtain a best-fitted equation. Statistical assessments and model validation for evaluating the equation obtained by fitting these 82 sets of data were conducted, and the results show average R2 values were 0.987 for treated water samples (collected at the plant prior to chlorination) and 0.983 for tap water (collected at the customer taps). The F values obtained from the F-test are all exceeded their corresponding F critical values, and the results from the t-test also showed a good outcome. These results indicate this model would be successfully applied in modelling BRP in drinking water supply systems.

Fungal flora in groundwater-derived public drinking water

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elke Göttlich ◽  
Wendy van der Lubbe ◽  
Bernd Lange ◽  
Steffi Fiedler ◽  
Ines Melchert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fungal Flora ◽  
Public Drinking Water ◽  
Public Drinking
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