Supplemental Material: Influence of hydrostratigraphy on the distribution of groundwater arsenic in the transboundary Ganges River aquifer system, India and Bangladesh

Details of methodologies and data used for the study along with ancillary figures.

Supplemental Material: Influence of hydrostratigraphy on the distribution of groundwater arsenic in the transboundary Ganges River aquifer system, India and Bangladesh

Details of methodologies and data used for the study along with ancillary figures.

Pumping test analysis for assessment of hydraulic parameters and aquifer system formation in hilly terrain

Groundwater conditions (GWCs) of an area depends on aquifer hydraulic parameters such as storativity () or storage coefficient (), transmissivity () and hydraulic conductivity (). It plays a key role concerning- groundwater flow modeling, well performance, solute and contaminants transports assessment and also for identification of areas for additional hydrologic testing. Specifically, the geologic formation of a regions control the porosity and permeability, however, in hilly terrain prospecting ground water potential is more challenging due to its limited extent and its occurrences that are usually confined to fractures and weathered rocks. The present study, aims at estimating the hydraulic parameters through pumping test analysis to assess aquifer system formation on hilly terrain from 16 bore wells. The aforesaid parameters were examined through a case study in some selective regions of Hamirpur district of Himachal Pradesh, India. The study area is controlled under two main geological horizons that is the post-tertiary and tertiary. The papers end with comparative results of hydraulic parameters and the aquifers system formation on different GWCs which may be helpful in the outlook of sustainable groundwater resource in the regions.

Hybrid Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Analysis for Selecting Discrete Preferable Groundwater Recharge Sites

This study proposes a hybrid fuzzy multi-criteria methodology for the selection of the most preferable site for applying managed aquifer recharge (MAR) systems by utilizing floodwaters. The use of MAR can increase water resources for later water utilization in case of drought. In this multi-criteria problem, seven recharge sites are under consideration, based on nine criteria, aiming to make a final list of their relative ranking. A fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) based on the logarithmic fuzzy preference programming (LFFP) method is used to determine the weights of criteria. LFFP is an optimization-based method that produces a priority vector from a fuzzy pairwise comparison matrix. Furthermore, fuzzy inference systems (FIS) based on the Mamdani approach are used to estimate the rating of each alternative with respect to the criterion examined, and then the final evaluation of the alternatives is obtained. A FIS is a fuzzy if–then rule-based system where the experts’ qualitative knowledge is translated into numerical reasoning for each individual criterion. The proposed methodology is applied in the aquifer system of the agricultural plain located to the southeast of the city of Xanthi in the Prefecture of Xanthi, NE Greece.

The Impact of a Lack of Government Strategies for Sustainable Water Management and Land Use Planning on the Hydrology of Water Bodies: Lessons Learned from the Disappearance of the Aculeo Lagoon in Central Chile

Several studies have focused on why the Aculeo Lagoon in central Chile disappeared, with a recent one concluding that a lack of precipitation was the main cause, bringing tremendous political consequences as it supported the argument that the government is not responsible for this environmental, economic, and social disaster. In this study, we evaluated in detail the socio-economic history of the watershed, the past climate and its effects on the lagoon’s water levels (including precipitation recycling effects), anthropogenic modifications to the lagoon’s water balance, the evolution of water rights and demands, and inaccurate estimates of sustainable groundwater extraction volumes from regional aquifers. This analysis has revealed novel and undisputable evidence that this natural body of water disappeared primarily because of anthropogenic factors (mostly river deviations and aquifer pumping) that, combined with the effects of less than a decade with below-normal precipitation, had a severe impact on this natural lagoon–aquifer system.