scholarly journals Translation of Ludwig Boltzmann’s Paper “On the Relationship between the Second Fundamental Theorem of the Mechanical Theory of Heat and Probability Calculations Regarding the Conditions for Thermal Equilibrium” Sitzungberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissen Classe. Abt. II, LXXVI 1877, pp 373-435 (Wien. Ber. 1877, 76:373-435). Reprinted in Wiss. Abhandlungen, Vol. II, reprint 42, p. 164-223, Barth, Leipzig, 1909

Entropy ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 1971-2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Sharp ◽  
Franz Matschinsky
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Theorem ◽  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Mechanical Theory ◽  
The Relationship

Temperature and its measurement

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Isotope Fractionation ◽  
Thermodynamic Temperature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Deterministic Models ◽  
Triple Point Of Water ◽  
Temperature Scales ◽  
Classical Thermodynamics ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Unit Of Temperature

Temperature is that property of a body which determines whether it gains or loses energy in a particular environment. In classical thermodynamics temperature is defined by the relationship between energy and entropy. Temperature can be defined only for a body that is in thermodynamic and thermal equilibrium; whilst organisms do not conform to these criteria, the errors in assuming that they do are generally small. The Celsius and Fahrenheit temperature scales are arbitrary because they require two fixed points, one to define the zero and the other to set the scale. The thermodynamic (absolute) scale of temperature has a natural zero (absolute zero) and is defined by the triple point of water. Its unit of temperature is the Kelvin. The Celsius scale is convenient for much ecological and physiological work, but where temperature is included in statistical or deterministic models, only thermodynamic temperature should be used. Past temperatures can only be reconstructed with the use of proxies, the most important of which are based on isotope fractionation.

Phyllotaxis of the palm Euterpe oleracea Mart. at the level of the shoot apical meristem

Botany ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 528-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denis Barabé ◽  
Laura Bourque ◽  
Xiaofeng Yin ◽  
Christian Lacroix
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Fundamental Theorem ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Leaf Primordia ◽  
Leaf Primordium ◽  
Divergence Angle ◽  
Euterpe Oleracea ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Euterpe Oleracea Mart

Previous studies on palm phyllotaxis deal mainly with the mature trunk. The goals of this study are (i) to determine the relationship between the number of parastichies, the divergence angle, and the plastochrone ratio at the level of the shoot apical meristem; (ii) to examine whether there are fluctuations in the divergence angle; (iii) to interpret the significance of phyllotactic parameters with respect to the mode of growth of the apex. The tubular base of the leaf primordium is more or less asymmetrical, and completely surrounds the shoot apical meristem. The phyllotactic system corresponds to a (2, 3) conspicuous parastichy pair. The mean divergence angle per apex varies between 126.9° ± 9.3° (mean ± SD) and 135. 8° ± 8.0°. Divergence angles for all apices fluctuate within a range of 115.89° to 157.33°. The mean plastochrone ratios between apices varies from 1.35 ± 0.18 to 1.58 ± 0.12. The plastochrone ratio at each plastochrone for all apices ranges from 1.09 to 2.00. There is no correlation between the angle of divergence and the plastochrone ratio. There is a fluctuation in the value of the divergence angle that falls within the range predicted by the fundamental theorem of phyllotaxis. The high value of the ratio of the diameter of leaf primordia over the diameter of the apex, and the long plastochrone might explain the lack of correlation between certain phyllotactic parameters.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Microstructure and the Thermal Equilibrium Diagram of Au-Co Alloy Electrodeposit

2005 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-151
Author(s):  
Koichiro Inoue ◽  
Nobuto Sasaki ◽  
Takashi Sasahira ◽  
Tohru Watanabe ◽  
Takeshi Nakata
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Diagram ◽  
The Relationship

Compact Covered Distribution Lines Supported by Triangle Spacers: Configuration and Benefits

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinliang He ◽  
Shuiming Chen ◽  
Rong Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Network ◽  
Lightning Protection ◽  
Mechanical Theory ◽  
Movement Process ◽  
Distribution Lines ◽  
Distribution Line ◽  
Phase Conductors ◽  
Covered Conductors ◽  
The Relationship

Adopting covered conductors and compact configuration has become the tendency in the renovation of distribution network in China. Advantages of compact configuration are discussed in this paper, which can further save the passage of distribution line, and can easily realize multiple lines in a pole. The movement process of phase conductors is analyzed by the Chord Forced Equation of the mechanical theory to obtain the relationship between the phase spacing of triangle spacer and the span between two neighboring spacers. The suitable phase spacing and spacer span are presented for polymeric and composite spacers. The superiority of compact configuration against lightning protection comparing with traditional distribution lines was analyzed.

Mechanisms

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart Glennan
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Mechanical Theory ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Process Theories ◽  
Mechanical Approach ◽  
Manipulability Theory ◽  
The Relationship

This article explores three issues surrounding the adequacy of the mechanical approach to causation. First, it considers whether the appeal to laws or invariant generalizations in characterizing interactions between parts of mechanisms either makes the mechanical theory circular or reduces it to a regularity, counterfactual, or manipulability theory. Second, the article discusses Machamer, Darden, and Craver's argument that the proper understanding of the causal productivity of mechanisms requires the recognition of the novel metaphysical category of activities. Third, it discusses the relationship between mechanical theories and process theories.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Microstructure and the Thermal Equilibrium Diagram of Au-Co Alloy Electrodeposit

2006 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1546-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koichiro Inoue ◽  
Nobuto Sasaki ◽  
Takashi Sasadaira ◽  
Tohru Watanabe ◽  
Takeshi Nakata
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Diagram ◽  
The Relationship

Heat Generation in Tires Due to the Viscoelastic Properties of Elastomeric Components

1974 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Willett
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Heat Generation ◽  
Thermal Equilibrium ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Stress Amplitude ◽  
Truck Tires ◽  
Shoulder Region ◽  
Response Equation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship between the heat generation as experienced in the tire shoulder and the viscoelastic properties of the tire elastomeric components has been formulated. The analysis was facilitated by adopting the technique of multiple regression where the significance of each response equation was statistically evaluated. The physical intepretation and consequences of such response equations have been extensively discussed, whereas literature on the subject is incomplete. Effects of tire construction and size on the heat generation in the shoulder region was carried out by analyzing the results of tires that had reached a state of thermal equilibrium on an indoor tire-dynamometer. The tires used in the analysis were cross-ply and radial-ply passenger tires and cross-ply truck tires. Within the limits of such an analysis, the heat generation experienced in the tire shoulder was predominantly due to the condition classified as that of constant stress amplitude.

Physics of Granular Systems

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Blumenfeld ◽  
Sam F. Edwards ◽  
Stephen M. Walley
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Granular Matter ◽  
Granular Systems ◽  
Mechanical Theory ◽  
Micro Structure ◽  
Fundamental Physics ◽  
Granular Assemblies ◽  
Stress Transmission ◽  
Statistical Mechanical ◽  
The Relationship

This article discusses the fundamental physics of granular systems. It begins with an overview of the science of granular matter, followed by a description of the ‘micro’-structure on the granular level. It then considers stress transmission in mechanically equilibrated granular assemblies, focusing on conditions for marginal rigidity, isostaticity theory, and limitations of linear stress theories. It also examines the use of statistical mechanics to analyse and classify granular materials, taking into account the micro-canonical volume ensemble, structural degrees of freedom, the canonical volume ensemble and the quasi-particles of the volume ensemble, the stress ensemble, and the relationship between the volume and stress ensembles. The article concludes with an assessment of recent advances in the ongoing attempt to construct a statistical mechanical theory of granular systems.

scholarly journals Characteristic Roots of a Class of Fractional Oscillators

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Li ◽  
S. C. Lim ◽  
Carlo Cattani ◽  
Massimo Scalia
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Ordinary Differential Equation ◽  
Fractional Order ◽  
Complex Plane ◽  
Fundamental Theorem ◽  
Integer Order ◽  
Characteristic Roots ◽  
Fundamental Theorem Of Algebra ◽  
The Relationship

The fundamental theorem of algebra determines the number of characteristic roots of an ordinary differential equation of integer order. This may cease to be true for a differential equation of fractional order. The results given in this paper suggest that the number of the characteristic roots of a class of oscillators of fractional order may in general be infinitely great. Further, we infer that it may also be the case for the characteristic roots of a differential equation of fractional order greater than 1. The relationship between the range of the fractional order and the locations of characteristic roots of oscillators in the complex plane is considered.

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