scholarly journals Significance of Anisotropic Thermal Expansion in High Speed Electric Machines Employing NdFeB Permanent Magnets

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7558
Author(s):  
Ram Kumar ◽  
Antonino La Rocca ◽  
Gaurang Vakil ◽  
David Gerada ◽  
Chris Gerada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Electric Machines ◽  
Mechanical Environment ◽  
Anisotropic Thermal Expansion ◽  
Working Temperature ◽  
Rotor Design

Many high speed applications employ a surface permanent magnet (PM) machine topology with a retaining sleeve due to its robustness and ability to achieve high overall peripheral speeds as well as efficiencies. One often overlooked feature in the mechanical design of such machines, which has not achieved sufficient attention to date is the anisotropic thermal expansion of rare earth magnets, the degree of which varies for different magnet technologies. This paper investigates the effects of the aforementioned on the mechanical design of a high speed PM spindle machine with NdFeB magnets. The maximum allowable interference is found to be limited by the working temperature of the magnets while the minimum required interference is increased due to their anisotropic thermal expansion. Based on this, appropriate conditions are formulated to integrate a Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB) PM in high speed rotors. These modifications considering the shaft together with the magnet anisotropic thermal expansion are included in a proposed rotor design and validated using simulations in ANSYS mechanical environment.

Permanent Magnet Heater for Special Applications

2015 ◽  
Vol 792 ◽  
pp. 476-481
Author(s):  
Michele Forzan ◽  
Fabrizio Dughiero
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
Induction Heating ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Mechanical Design ◽  
Fixed Position ◽  
Dc Magnetic Field ◽  
Research Activities

This paper presents a review of the research activities carried out at the Laboratory for Electroheat of Padova University (LEP) in the field of high efficiency through heating of aluminum workpieces. Induction heating obtained by rotating a billet in a DC magnetic field produced by superconductive coils was the first attempt to reach high electrical efficiency in mass heating of high conductive metals, like aluminum, copper and brass. More recently, the same concept has been applied by rotating rare earth permanent magnets around a metal billet kept in a fixed position. This technology appears much more promising because of lower cost of installation and a more robust mechanical design.

scholarly journals High-entropy (Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Y0.2Yb0.2)4Al2O9 with good high temperature stability, low thermal conductivity and anisotropic thermal expansivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zifan Zhao ◽  
Huimin Xiang ◽  
Heng Chen ◽  
Fu-zhi Dai ◽  
Xiaohui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Phase Stability ◽  
Temperature Phase ◽  
Low Thermal Conductivity ◽  
High Entropy ◽  
Anisotropic Thermal Expansion

Abstract The critical requirements for the environmental barrier coating (EBC) materials of silicon-based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) including good tolerance to harsh environments, thermal expansion match with the interlayer mullite, good high-temperature phase stability and low thermal conductivity. Cuspidine-structured rare-earth aluminates RE4Al2O9 have been considered as candidates of EBCs for their superior mechanical and thermal properties, but the phase transition at high temperatures is a notable drawback of these materials. To suppress the phase transition and improve the phase stability, a novel cuspidine-structured rare-earth aluminate solid solution (Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Y0.2Yb0.2)4Al2O9 was designed and successfully synthesized inspired by entropy stabilization effect of high entropy ceramics. The as-synthesized (Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Y0.2Yb0.2)4Al2O9 exhibits close thermal expansion coefficient (6.96×10-6 /K at 300-1473 K) to that of mullite, good phase stability from 300 K to 1473 K, and low thermal conductivity (1.50 W·m-1·K-1 at room temperature). In addition, strong anisotropic thermal expansion has been observed compared to Y4Al2O9 and Yb4Al2O9. The mechanism for low thermal conductivity is attributed to the lattice distortion and mass difference of the constituent atoms while the anisotropic thermal expansion is due to the anisotropic chemical bonding enhanced by the large size rare earth cations.

scholarly journals Comparison of theoretical approaches to determine the stresses in surface mounted permanent magnet rotors for high speed electric machines

2021 ◽  
pp. 030932472110076
Author(s):  
Levi Mallin ◽  
Simon Barrans
Keyword(s):  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Plane Strain ◽  
Plane Stress ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Electric Machines ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Rotor Design ◽  
Stress Plane

High-speed electrical machines (HSEMs) are becoming more popular in applications such as air handling devices. Using surface-mounted permanent magnet (PM) rotors manufactured from rare earth metals, they provide benefits over their mechanical transmission counterparts. However, these PMs have low tensile strength and are prone to failure under large centrifugal loads when rotating. Therefore, retaining sleeves are used to hold the PMs in compression to eliminate tensile stress and reduce failure risk. The magnets are also often held on a back iron or carrier, forming an assembly of three cylinders. The ability to predict these stresses is extremely important to rotor design. Current published work shows a lack of exploration of analytical methods of calculating these stresses for three-cylinder assemblies. This paper shows the development of plane stress, plane strain and generalised plane strain (GPS) theories for three cylinders. For a range of rotor designs, these theories are compared with finite element analysis (FEA). GPS is shown to be more accurate than plane stress or plane strain for the central region of long cylinders. For short cylinders and for the ends of cylinders, all three theories give poor results.

scholarly journals High-entropy (Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Y0.2Yb0.2)4Al2O9 with good high temperature stability, low thermal conductivity and anisotropic thermal expansivity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zifan Zhao ◽  
Huimin Xiang ◽  
Heng Chen ◽  
Fu-zhi Dai ◽  
Xiaohui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Phase Stability ◽  
Temperature Phase ◽  
Low Thermal Conductivity ◽  
High Entropy ◽  
Anisotropic Thermal Expansion

Abstract The critical requirements for the environmental barrier coating (EBC) materials of silicon-based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) including good tolerance to harsh environments, thermal expansion match with the interlayer mullite, good high-temperature phase stability and low thermal conductivity. Cuspidine-structured rare-earth aluminates RE4Al2O9 have been considered as candidates of EBCs for their superior mechanical and thermal properties, but the phase transition at high temperatures is a notable drawback of these materials. To suppress the phase transition and improve the phase stability, a novel cuspidine-structured rare-earth aluminate solid solution (Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Y0.2Yb0.2)4Al2O9 was designed and successfully synthesized inspired by entropy stabilization effect of high entropy ceramics. The as-synthesized (Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Y0.2Yb0.2)4Al2O9 exhibits close thermal expansion coefficient (6.96×10-6 /K at 300-1473 K) to that of mullite, good phase stability from 300 K to 1473 K, and low thermal conductivity (1.50 W·m-1·K-1 at room temperature). In addition, strong anisotropic thermal expansion has been observed compared to Y4Al2O9 and Yb4Al2O9. The mechanism for low thermal conductivity is attributed to the lattice distortion and mass difference of the constituent atoms while the anisotropic thermal expansion is due to the anisotropic chemical bonding enhanced by the large size rare earth cations.

scholarly journals Optimal Design of a High-Speed Flux Reversal Motor with Bonded Rare-Earth Permanent Magnets

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Vladimir Prakht ◽  
Vladimir Dmitrievskii ◽  
Vadim Kazakbaev
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Optimal Design ◽  
Eddy Current ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Eddy Current Loss ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Current Loss ◽  
Sintered Magnets ◽  
Flux Reversal

Single-phase flux reversal motors (FRMs) with sintered rare-earth permanent magnets on the stator for low-cost high-speed applications have a reliable rotor and a good specific power. However, to reduce eddy current loss, the sintered rare-earth magnets on the stator have to be segmented into several pieces and their cost increases with the number of magnet segments. An alternative to the sintered magnets can be bonded magnets, in which eddy current loss is almost absent. The remanence of bonded magnets is lower than that of sintered magnets, and they are prone to demagnetization. However, the cost of low-power motors with bonded magnets can be lower because of the simpler manufacturing technology and the lower material cost. This paper discusses various aspects of the optimal design of FRM with bonded magnets, applying the Nelder–Mead method. An objective function for optimizing an FRM with bonded magnets is designed to ensure the required efficiency, reduce torque oscillations, and prevent the bonded magnets from demagnetizing. As a result, it is shown that the FRM with bonded magnets has approximately the same efficiency as the FRM with sintered magnets. In addition, the peak-to-peak torque ripple is minimized and the minimal instantaneous torque is maximized.

scholarly journals High-entropy (Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Y0.2Yb0.2)4Al2O9 with good high temperature stability, low thermal conductivity, and anisotropic thermal expansivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-605
Author(s):  
Zifan Zhao ◽  
Huimin Xiang ◽  
Heng Chen ◽  
Fu-Zhi Dai ◽  
Xiaohui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Expansion ◽  
Rare Earth ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Phase Stability ◽  
Temperature Phase ◽  
Low Thermal Conductivity ◽  
High Entropy ◽  
Anisotropic Thermal Expansion

Abstract The critical requirements for the environmental barrier coating (EBC) materials of silicon-based ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) include good tolerance to harsh environments, thermal expansion matches with the interlayer mullite, good high-temperature phase stability, and low thermal conductivity. Cuspidine-structured rare-earth aluminates RE4Al2O9 have been considered as candidates of EBCs for their superior mechanical and thermal properties, but the phase transition at high temperatures is a notable drawback of these materials. To suppress the phase transition and improve the phase stability, a novel cuspidine-structured rare-earth aluminate solid solution (Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Y0.2Yb0.2)4Al2O9 was designed and successfully synthesized inspired by entropy stabilization effect of high-entropy ceramics (HECs). The as-synthesized HE (Nd0.2Sm0.2Eu0.2Y0.2Yb0.2)4Al2O9 exhibits a close thermal expansion coefficient (6.96×10-6 K-1 at 300–1473 K) to that of mullite, good phase stability from 300 to 1473 K, and low thermal conductivity (1.50 W·m–1·K–1 at room temperature). In addition, strong anisotropic thermal expansion has been observed compared to Y4Al2O9 and Yb4Al2O9. The mechanism for low thermal conductivity is attributed to the lattice distortion and mass difference of the constituent atoms, and the anisotropic thermal expansion is due to the anisotropic chemical bonding enhanced by the large size rare-earth cations.

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