scholarly journals Review of MVDC Applications, Technologies, and Future Prospects

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (24) ◽  
pp. 8294
Author(s):  
Sophie Coffey ◽  
Victor Timmers ◽  
Rui Li ◽  
Guanglu Wu ◽  
Agustí Egea-Àlvarez
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Converter Topologies ◽  
The Common ◽  
Protection And Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Distribution Grids

This paper presents a complete review of MVDC applications and their required technologies. Four main MVDC applications were investigated: rail, shipboard systems, distribution grids, and offshore collection systems. For each application, the voltage and power levels, grid structures, converter topologies, and protection and control structure were reviewed. Case studies of the varying applications as well as the literature were analyzed to ascertain the common trends and to review suggested future topologies. For rail, ship, and distribution systems, the technology and ability to implement MVDC grids is available, and there are already a number of case studies. Offshore wind collection systems, however, are yet able to be implemented. Across the four applications, the MVDC voltages ranged from 5–50 kV DC and tens of MW, with some papers suggesting an upper limit of 100 kV DC and hundreds of MV for distribution networks and offshore wind farm applications. This enables the use of varying technologies at both the lower and high voltage ranges, giving flexibility in the choice of topology that is required required.

Highlighting the Importance of Chronology on Voltage Protection and Control in Active Distribution Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 361-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glauco N. Taranto ◽  
Tatiana M. L. Assis ◽  
Djalma M. Falcao ◽  
Roberto C. de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Protection And Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Active Distribution Networks

scholarly journals An Adaptive Differential Protection and Fast Auto-Closing System for 10 kV Distribution Networks Based on 4G LTE Wireless Communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen An ◽  
Jun Jie Ma ◽  
Hong Yang Zhou ◽  
Hong Shan Chen ◽  
Xu Jun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Power System ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Fault Isolation ◽  
Differential Protection ◽  
Current Differential Protection ◽  
Protection And Control ◽  
And Control

With the development of wireless communication technology and computer technology, more and more smart technologies have been applied in electricity distribution networks. This paper presents an adaptive current differential protection and fast auto-closing system for application in 10 kV distribution networks in China Southern Power Grid. The current differential protection can adaptively change its settings according to the topology change of the primary distribution networks, thus the system effectively reduces the operation and maintenance cost of the power distribution network. In order to restore the power supply for the healthy part of the 10 kV networks quickly after a power system fault is cleared, the protection and control system provides wide area control function for automatic fault isolation and automatic switching. The traditional overcurrent protection and control system have no fault location function, it may take several minutes or even hours to manually locate a fault and then restore the power supply. Compared with the protection and control system of the traditional 10 kV distribution networks, the system developed can locate and isolate faults within 900 ms (assuming that the operating time of the load switch is 700 ms), and can quickly restore power supply in less than one second after a power system fault is cleared.

scholarly journals Enabling Renewable Energy While Protecting Wildlife: An Ecological Risk-Based Approach to Wind Energy Development Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (22) ◽  
pp. 9352
Author(s):  
Andrea E. Copping ◽  
Alicia M. Gorton ◽  
Roel May ◽  
Finlay Bennet ◽  
Elise DeGeorge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Ecosystem Based Management ◽  
Wind Energy Development

Acceptance of wind energy development is challenged by stakeholders’ concerns about potential effects on the environment, specifically on wildlife, such as birds, bats, and (for offshore wind) marine animals, and the habitats that support them. Communities near wind energy developments are also concerned with social and economic impacts, as well as impacts on aesthetics, historical sites, and recreation and tourism. Lack of a systematic, widely accepted, and balanced approach for measuring the potential damage to wildlife, habitats, and communities continues to leave wind developers, regulators, and other stakeholders in an uncertain position. This paper explores ecological risk-based management (RBM) in wind energy development for land-based and offshore wind installations. This paper provides a framework for the adaptation of ecosystem-based management to wind energy development and examines that framework through a series of case studies and best management practices for applying risk-based principles to wind energy. Ten case studies indicate that wind farm monitoring is often driven by regulatory requirements that may not be underpinned by scientific questions. While each case applies principles of adaptive management, there is room for improvement in applying scientific principles to the data collection and analysis. Challenges and constraints for wind farm development to meet RBM framework criteria include collecting sufficient baseline and monitoring data year-round, engaging stakeholder facilitators, and bringing together large and diverse scientific teams. The RBM framework approach may provide insights for improved siting and consenting/permitting processes for regulators and their advisors, particularly in those nations where wind energy is still in the early development stages on land or at sea.

Analysis of Wind Turbine Capacity Factor Improvement by Correcting Yaw Error Using LIDAR

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roozbeh Bakhshi ◽  
Peter Sandborn
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Capacity Factor ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
The Common ◽  
Turbine Capacity ◽  
The Cost

Yaw error is the angle between a turbine’s rotor central axis and the wind flow. The presence of yaw error results in lower power production from turbines. Yaw error also puts extra loads on turbine components, which in turn, lowers their reliability. In this study we develop a stochastic model to calculate the average capacity factor of a 50 turbine offshore wind farm and investigate the effects of minimizing the yaw error on the capacity factor. In this paper, we define the capacity factor in terms of energy production, which is consistent with the common practice of wind farms (rather than the power production capacity factor definition that is used in textbooks and research articles). The benefit of using the energy production is that it incorporates both the power production improvements and downtime decreases. For minimizing the yaw error, a nacelle mounted LIDAR is used. While the LIDAR is on a turbine, it collects wind speed and direction data for a period of time, which is used to calculate a correction bias for the yaw controller of the turbine, then it will be moved to another turbine in the farm to perform the same task. The results of our investigation shows that although the improvements of the capacity factor are less than the theoretical values, the extra income from the efficiency improvements is larger than the cost of the LIDAR.

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