Reforesting Appalachian Surface Mines from Seed: A Five-Year Black Walnut Pilot Study

Research Highlights: We found promising success for black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) planted on a legacy surface mine. Our results indicate that direct seeding can be an effective restoration method, and that shelters may not be needed. Background and Objectives: Reforestation in the Appalachian coalfields has primarily relied on the planting of nursery stock late in the dormant season. This study examined the use of direct seeding during the fall, a practice that, if successful, could both reduce costs of planting and open up a new season for reforestation planting. Black walnut is of particular value for wildlife habitats, timber value, and even human nutrition. In addition, it normally occurs in diverse forests with rich soils of the region. Therefore, establishment on previously surface-mined lands may indicate a positive successional trajectory and resilience. Materials and Methods: This study took place in eastern Kentucky, USA, on a site that was surface mined from 1996 to 2000 and subsequently reclaimed as a wildlife habitat. In 2010, the site was decompacted according to the Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA) by deep ripping with a bulldozer, and in November 2011, a 2 × 2 factorial experiment was initiated to compare the growth of walnut trees planted either by seed or as one-year seedlings, and either with or without tree shelters. Each treatment (four total: Unsheltered Seedling, Sheltered Seedling, Unsheltered Seed, and Sheltered Seed) had three replicate plots of 17 × 9 m, with 50 seeds or seedlings planted per plot. Measurements (survival, height, diameter, and volume) were made in 2012, 2013, and 2016. Effects of planting type and shelter presence, as well as their interaction, were analyzed using linear mixed models. Results: Planting type was significant for all measurements in the first two years (seedlings > seed), but this difference was largely diminished by 2016. There was a significant interaction of the two main effects, such that shelters benefited (or did not affect) those trees planted as seedlings, but hindered those planted from seed.

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COST OF ALTERNATIVE MULCHING SYSTEMS ON EASTERN KENTUCKY SURFACE MINES

Ecology and Coal Resource Development ◽

10.1016/b978-1-4832-8365-4.50128-9 ◽

1979 ◽

pp. 980-986

Author(s):

Danny L. Koon ◽

Donald H. Graves

Keyword(s):

Eastern Kentucky ◽

Surface Mines

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A site-based approach to delivering rangeland ecosystem services

The Rangeland Journal ◽

10.1071/rj11006 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 33 (2) ◽

pp. 99 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Joel Brown ◽

Neil MacLeod

Keyword(s):

Ecosystem Services ◽

Multiple Scales ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Wildlife Habitat ◽

Climate Mitigation ◽

Ecological Sites ◽

Ecological Site ◽

State And Transition Model ◽

A Site

Rangeland ecosystems are capable of providing an array of ecosystem services important to the wellbeing of society. Some of these services (e.g. meat, fibre) are transported to markets and their quantity, quality and value are established via a set of widely accepted standards. Other services (e.g. climate mitigation, water quality, wildlife habitat) do not leave the land, but are, in fact, most valuable when they remain in situ. Determining their quantity, quality and value presents a challenge that must be met if there is to be a credible, accessible ecosystem services market for rangelands. In this paper we describe some of the ecosystem services that may be extracted from rangelands, discuss their unique ecological nature and relate those unique ecological properties to soil and vegetation attributes that can serve as a basis for measurement, both quality and quantity. We suggest the use of a soil/vegetation-based system in which similar climate, geomorphology and edaphic properties are grouped into ecological sites based on their response to disturbance. Within each ecological site, a unique state and transition model describes the dynamics of vegetation and soil surface properties, provides state indicators (vegetation structure, soil properties), predicts ecosystem services that may be derived at multiple scales, and organises information related to management to achieve ecosystem service objectives, including sustainability.

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An Example of Site Classification in the Southeastern Coastal Plain Based on Vegetation and Land Type¹

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/11.1.23 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 23-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D. H. Van Lear ◽

S. M. Jones

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

Plant Communities ◽

Coastal Plain ◽

Wildlife Habitat ◽

Site Classification ◽

Land Type ◽

Forest Sites ◽

Disturbed Forest ◽

A Site ◽

Hazard Rating

Abstract A site classification system based on vegetation and land type was developed for the Savannah River Plant (SRP) in the upper coastal plain of South Carolina. Different positions of the landscape support distinctive plant communities. Late successional plant communities and their immediate predecessors were identified on eight site types along a moisture gradient ranging from dry, sandy uplands to flooded bottoms. Late successional, near-stable plant communities, even in the highly disturbed forest ecosystems of the Southeast, act as integrators of environmental factors to reflectsite potential. Vegetation can supplement information on soils and topography in the delineation and classification of forest sites. Knowledge of site-vegetative relationships would be especially useful in making management decisions regarding wildlife habitat evaluation, hazard rating for insects, diseases, and fires, and estimating potential uses for recreation. Application of the system by practicing foresters is discussed. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):23-28.

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LOCAL CORROSION ENVIRONMENT AROUND CROSS SECTION OF A PLATE GIRDER BRIDGE

Proceedings of International Structural Engineering and Construction ◽

10.14455/isec.res.2017.167 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kazuto Maruyama ◽

Seiya Kamasaki ◽

Keiji Tajima ◽

Toshihiko Aso

Keyword(s):

Bottom Flange ◽

Steel Bridge ◽

Corrosive Environment ◽

Water Leakage ◽

Exposure Test ◽

The Difference ◽

Girder Bridge ◽

One Year ◽

A Site ◽

Plate Girder

Corrosion is one of important factor for securing the safety of steel bridges. In general cases, the corrosive environment of the steel bridge is evaluated as a site environment. However, even in one bridge, the corrosive environment greatly varies from part to part. This research aims to clarify the difference of corrosion environment for each part of plate-girder-bridge which has three main girders. At this bridge, anti-freezing agent is sprayed in winter. On site measurements were performed on five points on each girder, which are both sides of web, both sides of upper/lower part of bottom flange. These measurements points include two points where water leakage is scattered. Temperature, humidity, amount of airborne salt and amount of adhering salt have been measured. In order to comprehensively assess corrosive condition, exposure test was also performed. Observations were carried out for one year. From measurement results, it became clear that temperature and humidity were not uniform at all observation points. These were differed at the inside and outside of girder and upper part and lower part of web. Amount of airborne salt to each girder is strongly influenced by anti-freezing agent. On the upper surface of the lower flange of each girder, there are places where corrosion markedly progresses due to deposits and water leakage.

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956 PB 479 A WILDLIFE HABITAT IN THE SOUTH CAROLINA BOTANICALGARDEN

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.5.570f ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (5) ◽

pp. 570f-570

Author(s):

Stephen Wilson ◽

Mary Hague

Keyword(s):

South Carolina ◽

National Parks ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Botanical Garden ◽

Wildlife Habitat ◽

The South ◽

Local Fauna ◽

Native Flora ◽

Excellent Opportunity ◽

A Site

America's rejuvenated interest in environmentalism provides landscape designers an excellent opportunity to integrate natural wildlife habitats within the landscape. Due to urbanization and rapid development, niches for many animals are being destroyed. Too often we rely on our state and national parks to replace what is lost, when we really should begin In our own backyards. In conjunction with the South Carolina Wildlife Federation, the South Carolina State Botanical Garden has initiated a program that will create a Backyard Wildlife Habitat. The purpose of my project is to create a garden with ornamental and native flora to attract local fauna, while educating botanical garden visitors to concepts that they can apply In their own back yards, neighborhoods, schools. and communities. My presentation will outline the goals, methodology, and results of the project. In addition, I will discuss the concepts that make a site a Backyard Wildlife Habitat.

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Using Aggregation and Antiaggregation Pheromones of the Douglas-Fir Beetle to Produce Snags for Wildlife Habitat

Western Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/wjaf/12.2.52 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 52-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Darrell W. Ross ◽

Christine G. Niwa

Keyword(s):

Bark Beetle ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Wildlife Habitat ◽

Population Densities ◽

Beetle Population ◽

Antiaggregation Pheromone ◽

One Year

Abstract Pheromone baits for the Douglas-fir beetle were applied alone and in combination with the antiaggregation pheromone, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (MCH), to test potential treatments for creating snags to improve wildlife habitat. All baited trees were attacked by beetles following both treatments. However, more unbaited trees were attacked on plots without MCH than on plots with MCH. One year after treatment, more of the attacked trees were dead on plots without MCH than on plots with MCH. Bark beetle pheromones can be used effectively to create snags for improving wildlife habitat, but to achieve specific objectives treatments must be prescribed based on knowledge of the expected beetle population densities. West. J. Appl. For. 12(2):00-00.

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Gas Exchange and Productivity in Temperate and Droughty Years of Four Eastern, Elite Loblolly Pine Genotypes Grown in the Western Gulf Region

International Journal of Agronomy ◽

10.1155/2018/3942602 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Michael A. Blazier ◽

Michael C. Tyree ◽

Mary Anne Sword Sayer ◽

Dipesh KC ◽

Wilson G. Hood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gas Exchange ◽

Loblolly Pine ◽

Height Growth ◽

Gas Exchange Parameters ◽

Gulf Region ◽

Potential Growth ◽

Allocation Patterns ◽

One Year ◽

A Site ◽

Western Portion

Loblolly pine plantations in the western portion of the species’ range are sometimes planted with genotypes from the eastern portion of its range to improve plantation productivity. Advances in loblolly pine breeding have led to the development of clonally propagated genotypes with higher potential growth rates and better form than more commonly planted half-sib genotypes. At a site in the western portion of the loblolly pine range, four genotypes from the eastern portion of the loblolly pine range were established. Two genotypes (HS756 and HS8103) were half-sib, and two genotypes (V9 and V93) were varieties. The V93 genotype was propagated from the HS756 genotype. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of genotype on seasonal trends in gas exchange parameters at the leaf and crown levels, growth, and biomass allocation patterns. During the two-year study, one year had precipitation and temperature trends similar to the long-term average and one year had extreme drought, with record heat. The HS756, V9, and V93 genotypes had the highest height growth throughout the study. The V93 genotype was sensitive to the drought; its leaf- and crown-levelAsatandgs, declined during the drought more markedly than those of the other genotypes. Although itsAsatandgswere affected by drought, height growth productivity of V93 may have been sustained during the drought by its biomass partitioning pattern of allocating higher proportions of its root biomass to small and fine roots and its aboveground biomass to foliage. These results suggest that a variety such as V93 could be more susceptible to changes in C fixation and water uptake with recurrent drought.

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225 GHz Atmospheric Opacity Measurements from Two Arctic Sites

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921312016882 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 8 (S288) ◽

pp. 204-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

S. Matsushita ◽

Ming-Tang Chen ◽

P. Martin-Cocher ◽

K. Asada ◽

C.-P. Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Very Long Baseline Interferometry ◽

Ellesmere Island ◽

The Other ◽

Weather Station ◽

South Pole ◽

Atmospheric Opacity ◽

Long Baseline ◽

Submillimeter Wavelengths ◽

One Year ◽

A Site

AbstractWe report the latest results of 225 GHz atmospheric opacity measurements from two Arctic sites; one on high coastal terrain near the Eureka weather station, on Ellesmere Island, Canada, and the other at the Summit Station near the peak of the Greenland icecap. This is a campaign to search for a site to deploy a new telescope for submillimeter Very Long Baseline Interferometry and THz astronomy in the northern hemisphere. Since 2011, we have obtained 3 months of winter data near Eureka, and about one year of data at Summit Station. The results indicate that these sites offer a highly transparent atmosphere for observations in submillimeter wavelengths. Summit Station is particularly excellent, and its zenith opacity at 225 GHz is statistically similar to the Atacama Large Milllimeter/submillimeter Array site in Chile. In winter, the opacity at Summit Station is even comparable to that observed at the South Pole.

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