Relationship of mean temperatures with screen temperatures

An attempt has been made to study the variation in daily mean temperatures obtained from maximum and minimum temperatures and that obtained from hourly temperatures recorded by the automatic weather station at the Agrometeorological Observatory, Anand (Gujarat). The mean temperatures obtained from the records of daily maximum and minimum temperatures were higher and fluctuated from -1.5 to 1.5 °C during the months of September to May as compared to the respective values obtained from hourly temperatures recorded by the automatic weather station. However, during May to September, these daily mean temperatures were found to be higher than mean temperatures obtained from the automatic weather station. Different coefficients were deduced from the records of the automatic weather station to estimate the hourly temperatures and a model was developed similar to that of William and Logan (1981). The hourly temperatures and the daily mean temperatures so estimated were in good agreement with the respective actual hourly and daily temperatures record by the automatic weather station. Therefore, by using this model one could estimate the true daily mean temperature from the records of maximum and minimum temperatures.

HEAVY PRECIPITATION OCCURRENCE OVER KHERSON WEATHER STATION ACCORDING TO METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND ERA5 REANALYSIS

The paper presents the results of a study of heavy precipitation in the form of rain (> 30 mm/12 h) using data from the meteorological observations and atmospheric reanalysis ERA5 at the Kherson weather station in 2005-2021.Detected that at the Kherson there were only 19 cases of heavy rainfall, which occurred only in the warm half of the year with a maximum recurrence in July. Compared to 1961-1990, the number of heavy rains of 2005-2021 increased in July and June, and decreased in August.Determined that most of the real cases of increased precipitation in Kherson are in good agreement with the results of the ERA5 reanalysis, but in almost a third of the simulation episodes did not show heavy precipitation at the Kherson coordinates or their center was shifted.Heavy rains in Kherson were formed in a field of low atmospheric pressure, with a weak northwest wind and accompanied by thunderstorms.Clarified that most episodes of heavy rainfall in Kherson in 2005-2021 are associated with the movement of southern cyclones, others formed on the southern periphery of the anticyclone in the southwestern direction of the jet stream in the troposphere.

Weather station for monitoring the microclimate in the room on arduino platform

In this project was shown approaches to the implementation of a weather station for monitoring the microclimate in the room on Arduino platform. Considered a platform for project development and software environment. The virtual scheme of the weather station is modeled. The main functions of the components are described and their connection to the microcontroller is shown. The process of firmware of the microcontroller is considered. The algorithm of system operation is described. A functional electrical diagram were also constructed. Described the weather station settings and instructions for use are provided. The device was also tested. Comparisons with analogues are given.

Evidences of horizontal urban heat advection in London using 6 years of data from a citizen weather station network

Recent advances in citizen weather station (CWS) networks, with data accessible via crowd-sourcing, provide relevant climatic information to urban scientists and decision makers. In particular, CWS can provide long-term measurements of urban heat and valuable information on spatio-temporal heterogeneity related to horizontal heat advection. In this study, we make the first compilation of a quasi-climatologic dataset covering 6 years (2015–2020) of hourly near-surface air temperature measurements obtained via 1560 suitable CWS in a domain covering south-east England and Greater London. We investigated the spatio- temporal distribution of urban heat and the influences of local environments on climate, captured by CWS through the scope of Local Climate Zones (LCZ) – a land-use land-cover classification specifically designed for urban climate studies. We further calculate, for the first time, the amount of advected heat captured by CWS located in Greater London and the wider south east England region. We find that London is on average warmer by ∼1.0 ◦C to ∼2.0 ◦C than the rest of south-east England. Characteristics of the southern coastal climate are also captured in the analysis. We find that on average, urban heat advection (UHA) contributes to 0.22 ◦C of the total urban heat in Greater London. Certain areas, mostly in the centre of London are deprived of urban heat through advection since heat is transferred more to downwind suburban areas. UHA can positively contribute to urban heat by up to ∼2.0 ◦C on average and negatively by down to ∼-1.0 ◦C. Our results also show an important degree of inter- and intra-LCZ variability in UHA, calling for more research in the future. Nevertheless, we already find that UHA can impact green areas and reduce their cooling benefit. Such outcomes show the added value of CWS for future urban design.

Deflation activity in the Begovitsa valley (Pirin Mountain)

The article presents the results of deflation activity researches in the upper (2240 m a.s.l.) and lower (1760 m a.s.l.) part of Begovitsa river valley. For the purpose, data from Automatic Weather Station (AWS) and wind direction marks were used and analyzed. Wind roses were performed for both, upper and lower part of the river valley.

Review of automatized meteorological stations use for agricultural purposes

The article deals with the questions of application and functioning of automated weather stations in agriculture. Digitalization of agriculture can significantly increase the efficiency of production and reduce the cost of manufacturing products by obtaining and accumulating information about the ongoing technological processes and making appropriate management decisions. A huge role is given to the possibility of obtaining operational data on the level of soil moisture reserves, the prevailing meteorological conditions, etc. in real time. The use of automated meteorological stations makes it possible to obtain data that can be used in the management of operations, requiring control and monitoring. This paper discusses the application and operation of automated meteorological stations in agriculture, and provides an analysis of the operation of the Davis Vantage Pro 2, Sokol-M and Meteobot® Pro weather stations in Krasnogvardeisky, Belogorsky and Saky regions. The analysis of weather station configurations, sensor installation methods, measurement accuracy, and more is made. The measured data was evaluated with the data, obtained from the weather stations of the WMO network. The prospects of further use of automated weather stations in agricultural monitoring tasks are considered.

Microcontroller based Multifunctional Automated Weather Monitoring and Logging System

This paper describes a microcontroller-based prototype Automated Weather Monitoring and Logging System that can col- lect meteorological data such as air temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, light intensity, and rain detection from any distant location. The Weather Monitoring and Logging System is entirely automated, and measured weather data is transferred to a public server while showing immediate data on a liquid crystal display (LCD) and stored to a Secure Digital (SD) card. For private viewers, Android-based smart phones may be interfaced with the weather station and operated via the android application. The weather station is supplied by a direct current (DC) source, with a backup rechargeable battery. In the event of an emergency power outage, the system will immediately switch to battery power. Two Atmega 328p and Two ESP 8266 microcontrollers are utilized as the core of the control and coordination of the relative multitude of exercises of the singular modules. All of the sensors in the systems have been calibrated, ensuring that the system’s accuracy seems to be exceptional. This system will benefit all users, and it will benefit the meteorological industry because it will allow them to work from a remote location. Keywords: Automated Weather Station; Microcontroller; Sensor; Meteorological Instrument

Real-Time Environmental Monitoring for Aquaculture Using a LoRaWAN-Based IoT Sensor Network

IoT-enabled devices are making it easier and cheaper than ever to capture in situ environmental data and deliver these data—in the form of graphical visualisations—to farmers in a matter of seconds. In this work we describe an aquaculture focused environmental monitoring network consisting of LoRaWAN-enabled atmospheric and marine sensors attached to buoys on Clyde River, located on the South Coast of New South Wales, Australia. This sensor network provides oyster farmers operating on the river with the capacity to make informed, accurate and rapid decisions that enhance their ability to respond to adverse environmental events—typically flooding and heat waves. The system represents an end-to-end approach that involves deploying a sensor network, analysing the data, creating visualisations in collaboration with farmers and delivering them to them in real-time via a website known as FarmDecisionTECH®. We compared this network with previously available infrastructure, the results of which demonstrate that an in situ weather station was ∼5 ∘C hotter than the closest available real-time weather station (∼20 km away from Clyde River) during a summertime heat wave. Heat waves can result in oysters dying due to exposure if temperatures rise above 30 ∘C for extended periods of time (such as heat waves), which will mean a loss in income for the farmers; thus, this work stresses the need for accurate in situ monitoring to prevent the loss of oysters through informed farm management practices. Finally, an approach is proposed to present high-dimensional datasets captured from the sensor network to oyster farmers in a clear and informative manner.