scholarly journals Evaluating the Economic Incentives of Biomass Removal on Site Preparation for Different Harvesting Systems in Australia

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1370
Author(s):  
Michael Berry ◽  
John Sessions
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Economic Incentive ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Biomass Harvesting ◽  
Biomass Removal ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
A Site ◽  
Whole Tree Harvesting

Research Highlights: This study evaluated the impacts of biomass recovery on site preparation costs while proposing a mathematical model and framework to catalogue the benefits depending on harvesting system. Background and Objectives: Biomass as a viable product depends on the requisite costs of production compared to the price paid by relative markets. The removal of biomass directly impacts site preparation costs, and the operational and economic ramifications of this should inform the feasibility of biomass harvesting and market viability. The relative incentives for biomass removal depend on the quantity, presentation, and location of the residues and are thus a result of the commercial sawlog harvesting system. This incentive also largely depends on the required work to prepare a site for replanting. Materials and Methods: This study developed a mathematical model to connect the concepts of site preparation, harvesting, and biomass costs and revenues to determine the maximum net revenue. This work also developed a framework for understanding and calculating the key model inputs related to site preparation and the relative economic site preparation incentive for biomass harvesting. The framework was then illustrated by using industry data from plantations in Queensland, Australia. Results and Conclusions: The analysis identified a potential reduction in site preparation costs due to biomass harvesting of USD 75–450 ha−1, with a greater incentive when using cut-to-length harvesting systems compared with whole-tree harvesting due to the greater volume of residues after cut-to-length harvesting. For example, a removal of 20 t ha−1 of recoverable biomass after cut-to-length harvesting may equate to an economic incentive of USD 22 t−1. Depending on the biomass market, this incentive may represent a significant percentage (or even exceed) the biomass market price. The combination of biomass market price plus site preparation economic incentive may make biomass an attractive market opportunity, even in challenging biomarkets.

scholarly journals Assessing Biomass Removal and Woody Debris in Whole-Tree Harvesting System: Are the Recommended Levels of Residues Ensured?

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 807
Author(s):  
Abdelwahab Bessaad ◽  
Isabelle Bilger ◽  
Nathalie Korboulewsky
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Woody Debris ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Biomass Harvesting ◽  
Biomass Removal ◽  
Technical Effort ◽  
Whole Tree Harvesting ◽  
Whole Tree ◽  
Tree Harvesting

Forest biomass is a sustainable source of renewable energy and a valuable alternative to finite fossil fuels. However, its overharvesting may lead to soil nutrient depletion and threaten future stand productivity, as well as affect the habitat for biodiversity. This paper provides quantitative data on biomass removal, fine woody debris [d ≤ 7 cm], and coarse woody debris [d > 7 cm] left on the forest floor in whole tree harvesting systems. Using tree allometric equations and inventory field methods for woody debris estimation, we assessed biomass removal on nine fuelwood harvesting sites in Central France, as well as fine and coarse woody debris left on the sites. The aboveground biomass estimates showed a high variability between the studied sites, it varied between 118 and 519 Mg ha−1. However, less variability was found among sites managed as coppice-with-standards 174 ± 56 Mg ha−1. Exported biomass was 107 ± 42 Mg ha−1 on average, including 35 ± 9% of fine wood. The amounts of both fine and coarse woody debris left on sites were generally less than 10% of the total harvested biomass in 2/3 of the studied sites. These amounts are lower than the minimum retention levels recommended by the sustainable forest biomass harvesting guidelines. Therefore, more technical effort and additional management measures should be taken to ensure more woody debris, especially in poor forest soils and thus, to guarantee a sustainable biomass harvesting.

scholarly journals Comparison of Productivity and Cost Between Two Integrated Harvesting Systems in South Korea

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cho ◽  
Choi ◽  
Paik ◽  
Mun ◽  
Cha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Biomass Harvesting ◽  
Logging Residues ◽  
Harvesting Systems ◽  
Whole Tree Harvesting ◽  
Whole Tree ◽  
Tree Harvesting

Interest in the production of renewable energy using forest biomass is increasing in South Korea, and improved knowledge on operations logistics to lower biomass harvesting costs is needed. This study aimed to build a low-cost forest-biomass harvesting system by analyzing the costs of two integrated (cut-to-length and whole-tree) harvesting systems for logs and logging residues. Two integrated harvesting systems were carried out in the clear-cut mixed forest on a steep slope. Compared to the cut-to-length system that separately extracts logs and logging residues in a forest, the cable whole-tree harvesting system can save $8.8/green weight ton (Gwt) because it requires no additional yarding operation cost of logging residues. Moreover, a breakeven analysis shows that the required machine utilization rates that favor whole-tree harvesting systems over cut-to-length harvesting were more than 70% for cable harvesting systems. The introduction of the whole-tree harvesting system is, therefore, required to produce forest biomass at a low cost. In the future, studies on forest-biomass processing and transportation systems will be needed to provide a biomass feedstock supply cost from stump to biomass power plant.

scholarly journals CONCEPT OF ECONOMICAL‐MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF LAND MARKET

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-340
Author(s):  
Gintautas Šatkauskas
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Noise Background ◽  
Input Parameters ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Sufficient Precision

Input parameters, ie factors defining the market price of agricultural‐purpose land, are interrelated very often by means of non‐linear ties. Strength of these ties is rather different and this limits usefulness of information in the research process of land market prices. Influence of input parameter changes to the input parameters in case when there are rather substantial changes may be determined in someone direction with a sufficient precision, whereas in other directions with comparatively small changes of input parameters this influence is difficult to be separated from the “noise” background. Taking into account the above‐listed circumstances, the concept of economical‐mathematical model of land market should be as follows: there is carried out re‐parameterisation of the process by means of introduction of new parameters in such a way that the new parameters are not interrelated, and the full process is evaluated at the minimal number of these parameters. These requirements are met by the main components of the input parameters. Then normalisation of the main components is carried out and dependencies on new parameters are determined. It is easier to interpret the dependencies obtained having reduced the number of input parameters and the higher the non‐linearity of interrelations of primary land market data, the greater effect of normalisation of input-parameter components. The results are compared with the valuations of experts.

Evaluation of Two Forage Harvesting Systems for Herbaceous Biomass Harvesting

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 1651-1658 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Brownell ◽  
J. Liu ◽  
J. W. Hilton ◽  
T. L. Richard ◽  
G. R. Cauffman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herbaceous Biomass ◽  
Biomass Harvesting ◽  
Harvesting Systems

scholarly journals Incentives or restrictions: policy choices in farmers’ chemical fertilizer reduction and substitution behaviors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yurong Yang ◽  
Zhaoliang Li ◽  
Yan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Incentive ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Family Management ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Incentive Policy ◽  
Enforcement Policy ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
High Degree

Abstract Based on 804 samples of farmers in Hubei Province, a typical major grain-producing area in China, this study empirically analyzed the effects of two different policy tools, i.e. economic incentives (subsidies) and order enforcements (regulatory restrictions), as well as the effects of their interaction, on farmers’ chemical fertilizer reduction and substitution behaviors. Samples were grouped according to the degree of concurrent employment to analyze the effects on different groups. The results show that (1) the influences of these policies on the behaviors were significantly positive; (2) after constructing the interactive variables of the policies, the influence of the order enforcement policy was no longer significant, but the influence of the interaction was significantly positive; (3) the low-degree concurrent employment farmers were more likely to be affected by the order enforcement policy, whereas the high-degree ones were more affected by the economic incentive policy; and (4) the behaviors of the low-degree ones were strongly affected by family management characteristics, whereas the high-degree ones were more affected by the farmers’ individual characteristics.

A Musculoskeletal Model of the Equine Forelimb for Determining Surface Stresses and Strains in the Humerus—Part I. Mathematical Modeling

2008 ◽  
Vol 130 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Pollock ◽  
M. L. Hull ◽  
Susan M. Stover ◽  
Larry D. Galuppo
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Bone Graft ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Donor Site ◽  
Maximum Voluntary Contraction ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Autogenous Bone ◽  
Graft Material ◽  
Small Strains ◽  
A Site

Knowledge of the forces that act upon the equine humerus while the horse is standing and the resulting strains experienced by the bone is useful for the prevention and treatment of fractures and for assessing the proximolateral aspect of the bone as a site for obtaining autogenous bone graft material. The first objective was to develop a mathematical model to predict the loads on the proximal half of the humerus created by the surrounding musculature and ground reaction forces while the horse is standing. The second objective was to calculate surface bone stresses and strains at three cross sections on the humerus corresponding to the donor site for bone grafts, a site predisposed to stress fracture, and the middle of the diaphysis. A three-dimensional mathematical model employing optimization techniques and asymmetrical beam analysis was used to calculate shoulder muscle forces and surface strains on the proximal and mid-diaphyseal aspects of the humerus. The active shoulder muscles, which included the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and short head of the deltoid, produced small forces while the horse is standing; all of which were limited to 4.3% of their corresponding maximum voluntary contraction. As a result, the strains calculated at the proximal cross sections of the humerus were small, with maximum compressive strains of −104με at the cranial aspect of the bone graft donor cross section. The middle of the diaphysis experienced larger strain magnitudes with compressive strains at the lateral and the caudal aspects and tensile strains at the medial and cranial aspects (−377με and 258με maximum values, respectively) while the horse is standing. Small strains at the donor bone graft site do not rule out using this location to harvest bone graft tissue, although strains while rising to a standing position during recovery from anesthesia are unknown. At the site common to stress fractures, small strains imply that the stresses seen by this region while the horse is standing, although applied for long periods of time, are not a cause of fracture in this location. Knowing the specific regions of the middle of the diaphysis of the humerus that experience tensile and compressive strains is valuable in determining optimum placement of internal fixation devices for the treatment of complete fractures.

Nutrient removals with harvesting and by deep percolation from white birch (Betula papyrifera [Marsh.]) sites in central Newfoundland

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Titus ◽  
Bruce A. Roberts ◽  
Keith W. Deering
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Budget ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Deep Percolation ◽  
Betula Papyrifera ◽  
Nutrient Losses ◽  
White Birch ◽  
Biomass Removal ◽  
Whole Tree Harvesting ◽  
Whole Tree ◽  
Tree Harvesting

The effects of conventional stem-only and whole-tree harvesting on nutrient losses in biomass removal and in leachate fluxes over a 3-yr period after cutting three white birch stands in central Newfoundland were determined. Losses of nutrients in biomass were proportionately greater with more intensive harvesting as tree components with higher nutrient concentrations (branches, foliage) were removed. Stem-only harvesting removed 126, 9, 51, 126 and 23 kg ha–1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in biomass, respectively. Whole-tree harvesting led to a 19% increase in biomass removal as compared to stem-only harvesting, but nutrient removals with whole-tree harvesting increased by 127% for N, 138% for P, 151% for K, 72% for Ca and 90% for Mg. Nutrient losses in deep percolation of soil solution during the first 3 yr after harvesting were generally greater following stem-only than whole-tree harvesting. This may be the result of increased leaching from slash, increased mineralization beneath slash, and retardation by slash of the successional vegetation that could act as a nutrient sink. In the first 3 yr following harvesting, leaching losses after whole-tree harvesting were 4, 0.2, 8, 23 and 7 kg ha–1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, respectively, as compared with 9, 0.1, 7, 28 and 9 kg ha–1 of N, P, K, Ca and Mg after stem-only harvesting. Nutrient losses in leachate were generally small compared to losses in biomass removal. Key words: Intensive harvesting; slash; nutrient budget; sustainable site productivity; Betula papyrifera (Marsh.)

Mathematical Description of Interaction of the Elements in the Power Network System

2013 ◽  
Vol 448-453 ◽  
pp. 2455-2460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina N. Dubyago
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Mathematical Description ◽  
Synchronous Generator ◽  
Network System ◽  
Power Network ◽  
Analysis Of Stability ◽  
A Site ◽  
Two Stages

Research of stability of the power systems (PS) assumes the analysis of stability static or dynamic both generators, and engines. This article represents creations of the PS mathematical model is considered as sequence of two stages: creation of models of separate elements; creation of model of their interaction. The mathematical description of a site of distributive system on the example of the synchronous generator.

Opioid usage in Denmark, Norway and Sweden - 2006-2014 and regulatory factors in the society that might influence it

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Heine Joergensen ◽  
Lene Jarlbaek
Keyword(s):  
Economic Incentive ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Prescription Data ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Prescribing Behavior ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Drug Statistics ◽  
Opioid Users ◽  
Addictive Drug ◽  
Prescription Databases

AbstractAimsTo relate changes in the number of opioid users in Denmark, Norway and Sweden during 2006-2014 to changes in national regulatory and economic incentive factors.MethodsThe material consists of data drawn from the national prescription databases in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Data on the number of opioid users per 1000 inhabitants were collected for all ages, both sexes and for the period 2006-2014. Concomitant changes in regulatory or economic incentives were identified and related to the drug statistics.ResultsFor all opioids in the period 2006-2014 Denmark had the lowest number ofusers but the largest increase in users. Norway had the highest number of users but a lower increase. The number of users in Sweden was very stable showing no change in number of users.The number of morphine users in Denmark increased from 2009 to 2014. The number of users of oxycodone decreased from 2010 to 2014. The Danish health authorities recommended using morphine as first drug of choice in 2010 and warned about potential drug dependency of oxycodone in 2011.In Sweden the number of users of oxycodone increased over the period with the largest increase from 2012 to 2013. The number af tramadol users decreased from 2011. Prior to these changes tramadol was declared to be classified as an addictive drug 2011.ConclusionsChanges in the countries’ opioid use appeared in the public prescription-databases in a timely manner after introduction of national recommendations not to use oxycodone and prefer morphine as first choice, or classify tramadol as an addictive drug. National drug statistics show the end-result of the doctors’ prescribing behavior and the population’s use of opioids. Thorough investigation of prescription-data can help to detect and explain the interplay between culture, society and medical reasons for prescribing opioids.

Inverting improves establishment ofPinus contortaandPicea abies—10‐year results from a site preparation trial in Northern Sweden

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 160-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Göran Örlander ◽  
Göran Hallsby ◽  
Per Gemmel ◽  
Christer Wilhelmsson
Keyword(s):  
Site Preparation ◽  
Northern Sweden ◽  
A Site
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