Concentrations of PCDD/Fs in Human Blood: A Review of Data from the Current Decade

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDD/Fs) are environmental pollutants with great persistence, the capacity of bioaccumulation, and well known important toxic effects in humans and animals. Incinerators of hazardous, municipal and medical waste, chlorine bleaching of paper pulp, cement plants, and the traffic of motor vehicles are the most frequent emission sources of these compounds. The diet, followed at a great distance by inhalation, is generally the main way of human exposure to PCDD/Fs. Human biomonitoring is of great importance to prevent potential adverse effects derived from exposure to chemicals such as PCDD/Fs. In relation to this, blood is among the most used biological monitors. In the current review, we have summarized the recent information (2000–2009) published in the scientific literature (databases: Scopus and PubMed) on the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in blood samples of non-occupationally exposed populations, as well as in some groups of occupationally exposed individuals. We have revised a number of studies conducted in various African, American, Asian and European countries, and Australia. Unfortunately, the information is quite limited. No data are available for most countries over the world. Based on the results here reviewed, where available, the current health risks for the general populations do not seem to be of concern. Moreover, taking into account the important reductions observed in the levels of PCDD/Fs in foodstuffs, new decreases in the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in blood—and other biological tissues—are very probable in the immediate years.

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Concentrations of PCDD/Fs in Human Blood: A Review of Data from the Current Decade

10.20944/preprints201908.0199.v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Montse Marquès ◽

Jose L Domingo

Keyword(s):

Environmental Pollutants ◽

Human Biomonitoring ◽

Biological Tissues ◽

Great Distance ◽

Motor Vehicles ◽

Chlorine Bleaching ◽

Current Review ◽

Occupationally Exposed ◽

General Populations ◽

Great Persistence

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans (PCDD/Fs) are environmental pollutants with a great persistence, capacity of bioaccumulation, and well known important toxic effects in humans and animals. Incinerators of hazardous, municipal and medical waste, chlorine bleaching of paper pulp, cement plants, and the traffic of motor vehicles are the most frequent emission sources of these compounds. The diet, followed at a great distance by inhalation, is generally the main way of human exposure to PCDD/Fs. Human biomonitoring is of a great importance to prevent potential adverse effects derived from exposure to chemicals such as PCDD/Fs. In relation to this, blood is among the most used biological monitors. In the current review, we have summarized the recent information (2000-2009) published in the scientific literature (databases: Scopus and PubMed) on the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in blood samples of non-occupationally exposed populations, as well as in some groups of occupationally exposed individuals. We have revised a number of studies conducted in various African American, Asian and European countries, and Australia. Unfortunately, the information is quite limited. No data are available for most countries over the world. Based on the results here reviewed –where available- the current health risks for the general populations do not seem to be of concern. Moreover, taking into account the important reductions observed in the levels of PCDD/Fs in foodstuffs, new decreases in the concentrations of PCDD/Fs in blood -and other biological tissues- are very probable in the immediate years.

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Markers of Exposure to Carcinogens: Methods for Human Biomonitoring

Journal of the American College of Toxicology ◽

10.3109/10915818909018048 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 871-881 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Gerald N. Wogan

Keyword(s):

Dna Adducts ◽

Human Biomonitoring ◽

Coke Oven ◽

Nitroso Compounds ◽

Environmental Carcinogens ◽

Genotoxic Agents ◽

Occupationally Exposed ◽

Polycyclic Aromatic ◽

Peripheral Leukocytes ◽

Aflatoxin B

Methods have been developed for the detection of exposure to carcinogens and other DNA-damaging agents in experimental animals and humans, through the detection of carcinogens or metabolic derivatives of them in body fluids or adducts bound covalently to DNA or hemoglobin. These methods are being applied in studies of exposure to environmental carcinogens, the results of which demonstrate their adequacy for detecting ambient exposures. The successful use of urinary markers of genotoxic exposures has been reported with respect to nitrosoproline as an indicator of exposure to N-nitroso compounds. The same approach has been used to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) metabolites and AFB1-N7-Gua as markers of exposure to aflatoxin B1. Detection of adducts formed between genotoxic agents and hemoglobin has been reported in studies of populations occupationally exposed to ethylene oxide, in which 3-hydroxyhistidine and 3-hydroxyva-line have been measured, and in smokers, whose hemoglobin has been found to contain levels of 4-aminobiphenyl and 3-hydroxyvaline that were correlated with the frequency of cigarette smoking. Albumin adducts of AFB1 have been identified in exposed people and their levels correlated with ingested amounts of the carcinogen. DNA adducts of genotoxic agents have also been detected in the cells and tissues of exposed individuals. Several studies to date have focused on exposure to the ubiquitous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo(a)pyrene. Immunoassays and physicochemical methods have been used to detect adducts formed through the major intermediate in the activation pathway, the benzpyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE). BPDE adducts have been found in the DNA of peripheral leukocytes of workers in foundries, aluminum manufacturing plants, and coke oven plants, and also in roofers and cigarette smokers with the use of synchronous scanning fluorescence as well as by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or ultrasensitive enzyme radioimmunoassays (USERIA). DNA adducts of O6-methyl guanine have also been detected by immunoassay in the blood of populations at high risk for esophageal cancer. The method of 32P postlabeling has been used for the detection of DNA adducts in placentas, peripheral leukocytes, and oral mucosal cells of tobacco smokers as well as coke oven and foundry workers, and increased total levels of adducts were in general indicative of elevated levels of exposure.

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Urinary concentrations of permethrin metabolites in US Army personnel in comparison with the US adult population, occupationally exposed cohorts, and other general populations

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health ◽

10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.02.005 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 222 (3) ◽

pp. 355-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Alexis L. Maule ◽

Matthew M. Scarpaci ◽

Susan P. Proctor

Keyword(s):

Adult Population ◽

Us Army ◽

The Us ◽

Occupationally Exposed ◽

Army Personnel ◽

General Populations

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Critical evaluation of current concepts in exposure assessment

Clinical Chemistry ◽

10.1093/clinchem/40.7.1368 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 40 (7) ◽

pp. 1368-1375 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

B G Heinzow ◽

A McLean

Keyword(s):

Risk Assessment ◽

Exposure Assessment ◽

Critical Evaluation ◽

Environmental Pollutants ◽

Human Biomonitoring ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Global Scale ◽

Internal Exposure ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Limit Values

Abstract The exploitation of natural resources and the improper use and disposal of thousands of chemicals have resulted in environmental pollution and a potential threat to human health on a global scale. Increasing public concern about environmental exposure to and consequent ill health from contaminants demands informed answers based on valid risk assessment. By assessing internal exposure to pollutants, human biomonitoring focuses on early markers of potential risks to prevent serious adverse effects. Exposure assessment may provide a rational basis for risk assessment, with knowledge of the adequacy of limit values; it may also uncover long-term changes in body burdens and thus help identify the sources and transfer pathways of environmental pollutants. The techniques of biological exposure assessment should be incorporated into epidemiological studies if suitable specimens are available, such as exhaled air, blood, urine, breast milk, or adipose or keratinous tissue. Special precautions must be taken in sampling, storage, and analysis if the findings are to be interpreted correctly and reliable conclusions drawn.

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Modulatory role of GSTM1 null genotype on the frequency of micronuclei in pesticide-exposed agricultural workers

Toxicology and Industrial Health ◽

10.1177/0748233715599876 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (12) ◽

pp. 1942-1951 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Tugba Boyunegmez Tumer ◽

Seda Savranoglu ◽

Pelin Atmaca ◽

Gulsum Terzioglu ◽

Alaattin Sen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fold Increase ◽

Human Biomonitoring ◽

Agricultural Workers ◽

Gstm1 Null Genotype ◽

Occupationally Exposed ◽

Gstt1 Genotype ◽

Gstp1 Ile105val ◽

Genotoxic Risk ◽

Cellular Dna

In this study, we aimed to investigate the extent of genotoxic risk and the association between null GSTM1/GSTT1 and GSTP1 Ile105Val variants and cellular DNA damage, as measured by micronucleus (MN) assay in a group of agricultural workers from Denizli, Turkey. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 116 subjects, including 58 workers who were occupationally exposed to pesticides and 58 healthy unexposed controls. The MN frequencies of each individual were assessed by cytokinesis-blocked micronuclei assays on lymphocytes. Genotypes for different GST variants were determined using polymerase chain reaction-based methods. A significant 3.4-fold increase in MN frequency was observed in workers compared with the controls ( p < 0.001). Among the GST genotypes, only the GSTM1 null genotype was found to be significantly associated with an increased MN frequency in workers ( p = 0.01). Individuals with a concomitant null GSTM1/GSTT1 genotype demonstrated a significant ( p = 0.01) increase in MN frequency compared with those with functional isozymes in the exposed worker group. The association of the GSTM1 null genotype with higher MN frequency suggests that it may be a modifier of genotoxic risk in individuals exposed to pesticides and may thus be a candidate susceptibility biomarker for human biomonitoring studies.

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Application of immunological methods for the determination of environmental pollutants in human biomonitoring. A review

Analytica Chimica Acta ◽

10.1016/0003-2670(95)00147-r ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 311 (3) ◽

pp. 383-392 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Dietmar Knopp

Keyword(s):

Environmental Pollutants ◽

Human Biomonitoring ◽

Immunological Methods

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DNA Methylation Profiles in a Group of Workers Occupationally Exposed to Nanoparticles

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21072420 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (7) ◽

pp. 2420 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Andrea Rossnerova ◽

Katerina Honkova ◽

Daniela Pelclova ◽

Vladimir Zdimal ◽

Jaroslav A. Hubacek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Methylation ◽

Human Life ◽

Human Biomonitoring ◽

Methylation Pattern ◽

Xenobiotic Detoxification ◽

Aerosol Exposure ◽

Methylation Assay ◽

Occupationally Exposed ◽

Dna Alterations

The risk of exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) has rapidly increased during the last decade due to the vast use of nanomaterials (NMs) in many areas of human life. Despite this fact, human biomonitoring studies focused on the effect of NP exposure on DNA alterations are still rare. Furthermore, there are virtually no epigenetic data available. In this study, we investigated global and gene-specific DNA methylation profiles in a group of 20 long-term (mean 14.5 years) exposed, nanocomposite, research workers and in 20 controls. Both groups were sampled twice/day (pre-shift and post-shift) in September 2018. We applied Infinium Methylation Assay, using the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChips with more than 850,000 CpG loci, for identification of the DNA methylation pattern in the studied groups. Aerosol exposure monitoring, including two nanosized fractions, was also performed as proof of acute NP exposure. The obtained array data showed significant differences in methylation between the exposed and control groups related to long-term exposure, specifically 341 CpG loci were hypomethylated and 364 hypermethylated. The most significant CpG differences were mainly detected in genes involved in lipid metabolism, the immune system, lung functions, signaling pathways, cancer development and xenobiotic detoxification. In contrast, short-term acute NP exposure was not accompanied by DNA methylation changes. In summary, long-term (years) exposure to NP is associated with DNA epigenetic alterations.

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Evaluation of Genetic Damage in Persons Occupationally Exposed to Antineoplastic Drugs in Serbian Hospitals

Annals of Work Exposures and Health ◽

10.1093/annweh/wxaa100 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jelena Pajic ◽

Branislav Rovcanin ◽

Boban Rakic

Keyword(s):

Smoking Habit ◽

Human Biomonitoring ◽

Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽

Cell Physiology ◽

Antineoplastic Drugs ◽

Genetic Damage ◽

Occupationally Exposed ◽

And Gender ◽

Cytome Assay

Abstract Introduction Although useful in the treatment of malignant cells, antineoplastic drugs (ANPDs) as chemical genotoxic agents, can interfere with normal cell physiology causing genetic damage and unfavourable health effects, especially in occupationally exposed persons. The Cytokinesis-block Micronucleus (CBMN) Cytome assay has been widely used in human biomonitoring studies as a reliable biomarker of chemical genotoxic exposure. Objectives Our comprehensive research was conducted in order to evaluate micronuclei as a marker for preventive medical screening purposes for persons occupationally exposed to ANPDs. Methods Using the CBMN Cytome test, peripheral blood lymphocytes of 201 control and 222 exposed subjects were screened for genetic damage. Results Age and gender influenced micronucleus (MN) frequency, but smoking habit did not. The mean micronuclei frequencies and other parameters of the CBMN Cytome test [numbers of binuclear lymphocytes with one (MN1) or two (MN2) micronuclei] were significantly higher in the group of exposed persons. Positive correlation between duration of occupational exposure and MN frequency was revealed. Conclusions The results of our study performed on a large sample confirmed the capacity of the CBMN Cytome assay to serve as a reliable biomarker of long-term ANPD exposure.

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Current Trends in Steroidal 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) Removal from the Environment: A Review

Applied Environmental Research ◽

10.35762/aer.2021.43.2.10 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-42

Author(s):

Wasiu A. Abibu ◽

Gafar Bamigbade ◽

Amos O. Kolawole ◽

Taiwo Ajayi ◽

Abdul W. Sakariyau

Keyword(s):

Emerging Contaminants ◽

Environmental Pollutants ◽

Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽

Reproductive Hormones ◽

Current Trends ◽

Current Review ◽

Endocrine Disrupting ◽

Persistent Environmental Pollutants

Emerging contaminants have posed major environmental and health challenges to human and aquatic lives. They include pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), persistent environmental pollutants and many more. EE2 is an example of an endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) increasingly gaining acceptance and used to augment the deficiencies of other reproductive hormones. EE2 constitutes environmental nuisance via discharge into aquatic bodies, thus, threatening aquatic lives and resulting in health defects in human. It is worthy of note that previous researchers have channeled their studies to identifying ways of expelling EE2 from the environment. However, they remain persistent in the environment. The current review examined biological, chemical, physical and nanotechnological approaches in expelling EE2 from the environment. All methods discussed have been efficient in EE2 removal. From the review, both independent and combinatorial approaches in EE2 removal has yielded efficient results.

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