New record of the viviparous lizard Zootoca vivipara (Jacquin, 1787) in Hungary

The lowland populations of the viviparous lizard Zootoca vivipara in the Carpathian Basin occur in cold, marshy relict habitats. In one of the largest wetlands in Hungary, Kis-Balaton, in 2016 its presence was confirmed by catching an individual with a small mammal live-trap. This new record is significant, since the nearest known sites of occurrence are at great distance and it is situated between the lowland viviparous populations of the north-northeast and the oviparous populations of the south (in Croatia).

The Greek Church in Latin and Venetian Cyprus 1191–1570

The Greek Church faced considerable problems following the Latin Conquest of Cyprus and the establishment of the Lusignan dynasty. Much of its property was impounded by the new Latin rulers, in the 1220s its bishoprics were reduced to four, with each bishop subject to a Latin diocesan. Under the provisions of the Bulla Cypria of 1260 it accepted papal primacy and ceased to have its own archbishop following the death of Germanos. Limits were placed on the numbers of monks in Greek monasteries and the refusal of Greek monks to accept the validity of Latin unleavened communion bread resulted in the martyrdom of 13 of them in 1231. Despite this, however, the Greek Church overcame these challenges and even strengthened its position in the later Lusignan and Venetian periods. Several reasons explain its ability to survive and maintain the allegiance of most of the population. The small number of Latins on Cyprus, concentrated mainly in the towns of Nicosia and Famagusta, made them fear absorption into the far more numerous Greeks and so disposed to tolerate a Greek Uniate Church that formally accepted papal primacy. The great distance separating Cyprus from Rome and Avignon together with increasing absenteeism among the Latin clergy from the later fourteenth century onwards made it impossible to enforce papal directives. The growing Ottoman threat from the late fifteenth century onwards likewise made the Venetian authorities on Cyprus reluctant to implement papal rulings that would anger the Greek majority. In addition, the Greek Church of Cyprus maintained contact with the Greek patriarchates of Constantinople, Antioch and Alexandria, all outside the areas under Latin rule, and so was not isolated from the Orthodox Christians subject to the patriarch of Constantinople.

Açaí production in the municipality of São Miguel do Guamá, Pará: perspective of açaí beaters

The pulp of the açaí fruit is a staple food for a large part of the population of Pará. Nonetheless, despite the significance of açaí product for the regional economy, there is a gap in the literature on the market potential for processing this fruit. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the challenges and opportunities of açaí beaters in the development of the activity in the municipality of São Miguel do Guamá, state of Pará, Brazil. This investigation is characterized as applied research, composed of qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data collection was based on interviews with açaí beaters and with linked production chains: middlemen, waste loaders, financial support institutions, and support institutions. The results were submitted to SWOT analysis to determine the risk factors of the internal-external matrix. As an internal risk factor, it was observed the difficulty to maintain income during the harvest period, given the decrease in the availability of raw materials and the drop in the price of the product. Externally, the risk is due to the lack of strengthening of collective organizations. It was also observed that there is a great distance between the açaí beaters and the public actors of the support institutions. The SWOT analysis was effective in identifying the activity that faces severe threats and weaknesses, internally and externally, which serves as a warning to the municipality, institutions, and actors regarding the greater attention needed to its production chain, which is evidenced by the lack of investments in this activity.

Study of Hybrid System for Optimization of Energy Source in Ut Island, Maluku

Eastern side of Indonesia has a group of scattered Islands and have a great distance from the main Island. Fossil fuels are the main option for meeting the needs of electrical energy in the outer Islands. But the availability of fossil fuels is very dependent on the weather and modes of transportation. In addition, fossil energy also causes emissions and environmental pollution, so efforts to diversify alternative energy by utilizing renewable energy are needed to meet energy needs. Ut Island, Maluku is one of the Islands which is not yet powered by utilities. In this paper, the HOMER software is used to determine the optimal hybrid power plant configuration from a techno-economic perspective by utilizing energy resources available on the Island. From the simulations that have been carried out wind speed has a significant influence on the optimal configuration of the PLH system. Load value affects the amount of NPC and COE. The greater the load is fulfilled, the higher the NPC. But contrary to NPC, COE value will decrease.

Temporal dynamic and key species of the sarcosapropha­gous entomofauna in a Mediterranean natural environment

Los insectos pueden detectar la presencia de un cadáver a gran distancia, colonizándolo rápidamente y siendo los primeros en explotar este recurso. La composición y dinámica de la comunidad, junto con su presencia en un lugar específico, son clave para su posterior aplicación forense. Por este motivo, se estudió la fauna entomosarcosaprófaga asociada a un cadáver en una zona montañosa de la provincia de Murcia (SE, España). Las especies Chrysomya albiceps, Calliphora vicina y C. vomitoria fueron las especies más valiosas como indicadores estacionales. Estas especies, junto con Dermestes frischii, Camponotus sylvaticus y la superfamilia Chalcidoidea, definen un patrón claro de colonización que varía según la estación del año. Finalmente, la especies Iberoformica subrufa pueden tener valor potencial como indicador de hábitat del área estudiada. Insects can detect the presence of a cadaver at a great distance, colonizing it rapidly and being the first to exploit this resource. Its composition and dynamics, together with its presence in a specific location, are key to its subsequent forensic application. For this reason, it was studied the entomosarcosaprophagous fauna associated with a carcass in a wild mountainous area of the province of Murcia (SE, Spain). The species Chrysomya albiceps, Calliphora vicina and C. vomitoria were the most valuables species as seasonal indicators. These species, together with Dermestes frischii, Camponotus sylvaticus and those of the Chalcidoidea superfamily, define a clear pattern of colonization that varies according to the season of the year. Finally, the species Iberoformica subrufa may be of potential use as habitat indicator of the studied area.

SUBTLE AND DANGEROUS: THE CROSSBOW TRIGGER METAPHOR IN EARLY CHINA

The crossbow trigger was a powerful device in early Chinese warfare that had a profound impact on military tactics. Against such a background, the word for “trigger,” namely ji, became a pregnant metaphor in ancient texts from the Warring States onwards. It refers to the correlation between a “subtle” initial state and a “dangerous” and far-reaching consequence, because the small movement of pulling the trigger may kill a person at a great distance. Borrowing insights from Hans Blumenberg's metaphorology, I offer a new theory of the original meaning of ji and argue that the trigger mechanism inspires a complex metaphorical scheme that consists of three levels of ambiguities and a web of associated images. It provides a linguistic and cognitive pattern for organizing a wide range of heterogeneous life-world situations, from the moral precariousness of human speech to the vulnerability of an outnumbered army in battle.

On the initial velocity of the glacial-stone material movement, the air-blast, the nature of the carrier medium and the range of action of sudden explosion-like gas-dynamic surge of the Kolka glacier

Начальная массовая скорость компактного движения выброшенного ледово-каменного материала ледника Колка, достигнутая на стадии газового ускорения в эпицентральной зоне взрывоподобного внезапного газодинамического выброса ледника, составляла около 300 м/с. Именно столь высокие значения величины начальной массовой скорости выброса основного количества ледово-каменного материала определили возможность образования сопутствовавшей выбросу ударной воздушной волны, которая и на большом расстоянии от эпицентра выброса (порядка 15 км) все еще имела значительную интенсивность. Воздушным был характер несущей среды для всего Геналдонского лавинообразного потока в пределах выделенной прежде всего по этому признаку зоны транзита на всем многокилометровом ее протяжении, а для начальной и основной стадий выброса – и за пределами этой зоны (до Скалистого хребта). Дальность же действия взрывоподобного внезапного газодинамического выброса ледника Колка 20 сентября 2002 года, безусловно, не ограничивалась лишь вместилищем ледника Колка или Колкинским цирком, как иногда полагают, а захватывала огромную территорию Колкинского и Геналдонского ущелий и была ограничена (да и то не полностью) лишь непреодолимой механической преградой Скалистого хребта. Цель работы. В плане сопоставления с взрывоподобными направленными газодинамическими выбросами ледников рассматривается вопрос об истории изучения направленных вулканических взрывов, установленных полстолетием ранее. Методы работы. Проведен анализ имеющихся данных и существующих походов их оценок. Результаты работы. Показана огромная мощность взрывоподобных направленных газодинамических выбросов ледника Колка, вполне сопоставимых в данном отношении с крупными направленными вулканическими взрывами. The initial mass velocity of the compact movement of the ejected glacial-stone material of the Kolka glacier, reached at the stage of gas acceleration in the epicentral zone of the sudden explosion-like gas-dynamic surge of the glacier, was about 300 m/s. Exactly such high values of the initial mass velocity of the surge of the main amount of glacial-stone material that determined the possibility of the formation of an accompanying ejection of the air-blast, which had a significant intensity even at a great distance from the surge epicenter (about 15 km). The nature of the carrier medium for the entire Genaldon avalanche flow was aerial within the transit zone distinguished primarily according this character along its entire length of many kilometers; and for the initial and main stages of the surge the nature was the same outside this zone (up to the Skalisty (Rocky) Ridge). The range of action of the sudden explosion-like gas-dynamic surge of the Kolka glacier on September 20, 2002, was certainly not limited only by the reservoir of the Kolka glacier or the Kolka cirque, as it is sometimes supposed, but captured the vast territory of the Kolka and Genaldon gorges and was limited (and even then not completely) only by the insurmountable mechanical barrier of the Skalisty (Rocky Ridge). Aim. In terms of the comparison with explosion-like directional gas-dynamic surges of glaciers, the article considers an issue of the history of study of directional volcanic explosions determined half a century earlier. Methods. The analysis of the available data and the existing approaches for their assessments was carried out. Results. The results of the work show the enormous power of explosion-like directed gas-dynamic surges of the Kolka glacier, which are quite comparable in this respect with large directed volcanic explosions.

Implementation of a damage calculation in a numerical wheel-rail contact simulation

Railways can transport cargo and persons a great distance. The combination of high axle loads, and the rigid wheels and rails made of steel results in high stresses at the wheel-rail contact. These high stresses cause rolling contact fatigue. To prevent and to forecast the rolling contact fatigue, the knowledge of the stresses and their effect on the local damage are important. One possible way to achieve results of the stresses is based on a finite element analysis. The calculation of the rolling contact fatigue is conducted subsequently. This paper will present one possibility to implement the damage calculation into a finite element software and use the post-processing to enable a fast assessment of rolling contact fatigue on the surface and the adjacent volume of a rail.

Vibration Analysis of the Drivetrain in Dependence on the Type of Gearbox Suspension Bushing

In the vast majority of technical applications, there is a necessity to transmit the torque from drive to driven machine together with the demand to overcome great distance between given devices. One of the solutions of this problem is the use of a cardan shaft. Operations of connecting shaft and drivetrain are accompanied by oscillations negatively influencing the driver comfort. Main subject of this article is the measurement of vibrations on different parts of a heavy truck and its evaluation by FFT analysis. Measurements are performed with two kinds of suspension bushing which are compared with to each other. Based on the previous measuring, influence of cardan shaft length was also investigated. First of all, dependency on the length of the cardan shaft on deflection angles for V arrangement was evaluated by analytical method. The theoretical introduction is followed by research of eigen frequency depending on the length of the cardan shaft. The results obtained by modal analysis in FEM are verified by experimental modal analysis [1].

New records of geometrid moths of the subfamily Ennominae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from the Amurskaya Oblast, Russian Far East

Eleven species of geometrid moths from the subfamily Ennominae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) are reported for the first time from Amurskaya Oblast at the extreme northwestern limit of the distribution of mixed broadleaved – Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forests, at a great distance from their closest habitats in Khabarovsky Krai and Primorsky Krai, Russian Far East: Eilicrinia nuptaria Bremer, 1864, Eudjakonovia emundata (Christoph, 1881), Menophra senilis (Butler, 1878), Ectropis excellens (Butler, 1884), Ectropis aigneri Prout, 1930, Mesastrape fulguraria (Walker, 1860), Arichanna tetrica (Butler, 1878), Agriopis dira (Butler, 1878), Larerannis orthogrammaria (Wehrli, 1927), Phigalia verecundaria (Leech, 1897), and Phanerothyris sinearia (Guenée, 1858).