scholarly journals Effect of Free Healthcare Policy for Children under Five Years Old on the Incidence of Reported Malaria Cases in Burkina Faso by Bayesian Modelling: “Not only the Ears but also the Head of the Hippopotamus”

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mady Ouédraogo ◽  
Toussaint Rouamba ◽  
Sékou Samadoulougou ◽  
Fati Kirakoya-Samadoulougou
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Healthcare Policy ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Free Healthcare

Burkina Faso has recently implemented an additional strategy, the free healthcare policy, to further improve maternal and child health. This policy targets children under five who bear the brunt of the malaria scourge. The effects of the free-of-charge healthcare were previously assessed in women but not in children. The present study aims at filling this gap by assessing the effect of this policy in children under five with a focus on the induced spatial and temporal changes in malaria morbidity. We used a Bayesian spatiotemporal negative binomial model to investigate the space–time variation in malaria incidence in relation to the implementation of the policy. The analysis relied on malaria routine surveillance data extracted from the national health data repository and spanning the period from January 2013 to December 2018. The model was adjusted for meteorological and contextual confounders. We found that the number of presumed and confirmed malaria cases per 1000 children per month increased between 2013 and 2018. We further found that the implementation of the free healthcare policy was significantly associated with a two-fold increase in the number of tested and confirmed malaria cases compared with the period before the policy rollout. This effect was, however, heterogeneous across the health districts. We attributed the rise in malaria incidence following the policy rollout to an increased use of health services combined with an increased availability of rapid tests and a higher compliance to the “test and treat” policy. The observed heterogeneity in the policy effect was attributed to parallel control interventions, some of which were rolled out at different paces and scales. Our findings call for a sustained and reinforced effort to test all suspected cases so that, alongside an improved case treatment, the true picture of the malaria scourge in children under five emerges clearly (see the hippopotamus almost entirely).

scholarly journals Influência das Variáveis Climáticas na Hospitalização por Pneumonia em Crianças Menores de Cinco Anos em Rondonópolis-MT (Influence of Variable Climate in Hospital for Pneumonia in Children Under Five Years in Rondonópolis-MT)

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 413
Author(s):  
Débora Aparecida da Silva Santos ◽  
Pedro Vieira de Azevedo ◽  
Ricardo De Olinda ◽  
Amaury De Souza ◽  
Jullianna Vitorio Vieira de Azevedo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Unified Health System

As infecções respiratórias agudas constituem o principal motivo de consulta e hospitalização de crianças menores de cinco anos, sendo a pneumonia uma das principais causas de morte. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a influência das variáveis climáticas na hospitalização por pneumonia em crianças menores de cinco anos em Rondonópolis-MT, no período de 1999 a 2014. Estudo do tipo transversal com abordagem quantitativa e descritiva, com dados do banco de dados meteorológicos para ensino e pesquisa e do departamento de informática do sistema único de saúde. Na análise estatística dos dados, foi ajustado o modelo binomial negativo pertencente à classe dos modelos lineares generalizados, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%, com base na plataforma estatística R. Estimou-se que o número médio de casos destas hospitalização diminui em aproximadamente 11,34% a cada grau centígrado de aumento acima da média da temperatura do ar e diminua cerca de 1,52% a cada 1% de aumento acima da média da umidade relativa do ar. A precipitação pluviométrica não apresentou relação com a hospitalização. As atividades de promoção de saúde e de prevenção da pneumonia devem incluir ações que relacionem questões ambientais climáticas, voltadas para a diminuição dos casos de hospitalização de crianças.    A B S T R A C T Acute respiratory infections are the main cause of consultation and hospitalization of children under five years, and the pneumonia one of the leading causes of death. The objective of this research was to analyze the influence of climate variables in hospitalization for pneumonia in children under five years in Rondonópolis-MT, from 1999 to 2014 cross-sectional study with quantitative and descriptive approach, with meteorological data from the database for teaching and research and information department of the unified health system. Statistical analysis of the data, the negative binomial model belonging to the class of generalized linear models, adopting a significance level of 5% has been adjusted, based on the statistical platform R. It has been estimated that the average number of cases these decreases hospitalization approximately 11.34% per degree centigrade increase above the air temperature and lower average about 1.52% every 1% increase above average relative humidity. Rainfall was not associated with hospitalization. The health promotion activities and prevention of pneumonia should include actions that relate climate environmental issues, aimed at reducing cases of hospitalization of children. Keywords: Climate; pneumonia; child; hospitalization.  

scholarly journals Pathogens associated with acute diarrhea, and comorbidity with malaria among children under five years old in rural Burkina Faso

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palpouguini Lompo ◽  
Marc Christian Tahita ◽  
Hermann Sorgho ◽  
William Christian Kaboré ◽  
Adama Kazienga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five

scholarly journals Investigating host and parasite factors surrounding seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Bama, Burkina Faso

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anyirékun Somé ◽  
Thomas Bazié ◽  
Ehrlich Hanna Y. ◽  
Justin Goodwin ◽  
Aine Lehane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Blood Spots ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention ◽  
Parasite Factors

Abstract Background: Since 2014, seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) with amodiaquine-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AQ-SP) has been implemented on a large scale during the high malaria transmission season in Burkina Faso. We report in this paper the prevalence of microscopic and submicroscopic malaria infection at the outset and after the first round of SMC in children under five years old in Bama, Burkina Faso, as well as host and parasite factors involved in mediating the efficacy and tolerability of SMC. Methods: Two sequential cross-sectional surveys were carried out in the first month of SMC in a rural area in southwest Burkina Faso. Blood smears and dried blood spots were collected from 106 and 93 children under five, respectively, at the start of SMC and again three weeks later. Malaria infection was detected by microscopy and by PCR from dried blood spots. For all children, day 7 plasma concentrations of desethyl-amodiaquine (DEAQ) were measured and CYP2C8 genetic variants influencing AQ metabolism were genotyped. Samples were additionally genotyped for pfcrt K76T and pfmdr1 N86Y, molecular markers associated with reduced amodiaquine susceptibility. Results: 2.8% (3/106) of children were positive for Plasmodium falciparum infection by microscopy and 13.2% (14/106) by nested PCR within 2 days of SMC administration. Three weeks after SMC administration, in the same households, 4.3% (4/93) of samples were positive by microscopy and 14.0% (13/93) by PCR (p=0.0007). CYP2C8*2, associated with impaired amodiaquine metabolism, was common with an allelic frequency of 17.1% (95%CI=10.0-24.2). Day 7 concentration of DEAQ ranged from 0.48 to 362.80 ng/mL with a median concentration of 56.34 ng/mL. Pfmdr1 N86 predominated at both time points, whilst a non-significant trend towards a higher prevalence of pfcrt 76T was seen at week 3. Conclusion: This study showed a moderate prevalence of low-level malaria parasitemia in children 3 weeks following SMC during the first month of administration. Day 7 concentrations of the active DEAQ metabolite varied widely, likely reflecting variability in adherence and possibly metabolism. Our findings highlight factors that may contribute to the effectiveness of SMC in children in a high transmission setting.

scholarly journals Investigating selected host and parasite factors potentially impacting upon seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Bama, Burkina Faso

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anyirékun Somé ◽  
Thomas Bazié ◽  
Ehrlich Hanna Y. ◽  
Justin Goodwin ◽  
Aine Lehane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Blood Spots ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention ◽  
Parasite Factors

Abstract Background: Since 2014, seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) with amodiaquine-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AQ-SP) has been implemented on a large scale during the high malaria transmission season in Burkina Faso. We report in this paper the prevalence of microscopic and submicroscopic malaria infection at the outset and after the first round of SMC in children under five years old in Bama, Burkina Faso, as well as host and parasite factors involved in mediating the efficacy and tolerability of SMC. Methods: Two sequential cross-sectional surveys were conducted in late July and August 2017 during the first month of SMC in a rural area in southwest Burkina Faso. Blood smears and dried blood spots were collected from 106 and 93 children under five, respectively, at the start of SMC and again three weeks later. Malaria infection was detected by microscopy and by PCR from dried blood spots. For all children, day 7 plasma concentrations of desethyl-amodiaquine (DEAQ) were measured and CYP2C8 genetic variants influencing AQ metabolism were genotyped. Samples were additionally genotyped for pfcrt K76T and pfmdr1 N86Y, molecular markers associated with reduced amodiaquine susceptibility. Results: 2.8% (3/106) of children were positive for Plasmodium falciparum infection by microscopy and 13.2% (14/106) by nested PCR within 2 days of SMC administration. Three weeks after SMC administration, in the same households, 4.3% (4/93) of samples were positive by microscopy and 14.0% (13/93) by PCR (p=0.0007). CYP2C8*2, associated with impaired amodiaquine metabolism, was common with an allelic frequency of 17.1% (95%CI=10.0-24.2). Day 7 concentration of DEAQ ranged from 0.48 to 362.80 ng/mL with a median concentration of 56.34 ng/mL. Pfmdr1 N86 predominated at both time points, whilst a non-significant trend towards a higher prevalence of pfcrt 76T was seen at week 3. Conclusion: This study showed a moderate prevalence of low-level malaria parasitemia in children 3 weeks following SMC during the first month of administration. Day 7 concentrations of the active DEAQ metabolite varied widely, likely reflecting variability in adherence and possibly metabolism. Our findings highlight factors that may contribute to the effectiveness of SMC in children in a high transmission setting.

scholarly journals Serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from children under five years of age with diarrhea in rural Burkina Faso

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (34) ◽  
pp. 3157-3163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dembl Ren ◽  
Konat Ali ◽  
Juste O. Bonkoungou Isidore ◽  
Kagambga Assta ◽  
Konat Kiessoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five
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