scholarly journals Serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from children under five years of age with diarrhea in rural Burkina Faso

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (34) ◽  
pp. 3157-3163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dembl Ren ◽  
Konat Ali ◽  
Juste O. Bonkoungou Isidore ◽  
Kagambga Assta ◽  
Konat Kiessoun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five

scholarly journals Pathogens associated with acute diarrhea, and comorbidity with malaria among children under five years old in rural Burkina Faso

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palpouguini Lompo ◽  
Marc Christian Tahita ◽  
Hermann Sorgho ◽  
William Christian Kaboré ◽  
Adama Kazienga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five

scholarly journals Effect of Free Healthcare Policy for Children under Five Years Old on the Incidence of Reported Malaria Cases in Burkina Faso by Bayesian Modelling: “Not only the Ears but also the Head of the Hippopotamus”

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mady Ouédraogo ◽  
Toussaint Rouamba ◽  
Sékou Samadoulougou ◽  
Fati Kirakoya-Samadoulougou
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Healthcare Policy ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Free Healthcare

Burkina Faso has recently implemented an additional strategy, the free healthcare policy, to further improve maternal and child health. This policy targets children under five who bear the brunt of the malaria scourge. The effects of the free-of-charge healthcare were previously assessed in women but not in children. The present study aims at filling this gap by assessing the effect of this policy in children under five with a focus on the induced spatial and temporal changes in malaria morbidity. We used a Bayesian spatiotemporal negative binomial model to investigate the space–time variation in malaria incidence in relation to the implementation of the policy. The analysis relied on malaria routine surveillance data extracted from the national health data repository and spanning the period from January 2013 to December 2018. The model was adjusted for meteorological and contextual confounders. We found that the number of presumed and confirmed malaria cases per 1000 children per month increased between 2013 and 2018. We further found that the implementation of the free healthcare policy was significantly associated with a two-fold increase in the number of tested and confirmed malaria cases compared with the period before the policy rollout. This effect was, however, heterogeneous across the health districts. We attributed the rise in malaria incidence following the policy rollout to an increased use of health services combined with an increased availability of rapid tests and a higher compliance to the “test and treat” policy. The observed heterogeneity in the policy effect was attributed to parallel control interventions, some of which were rolled out at different paces and scales. Our findings call for a sustained and reinforced effort to test all suspected cases so that, alongside an improved case treatment, the true picture of the malaria scourge in children under five emerges clearly (see the hippopotamus almost entirely).

scholarly journals Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility profile in children under five in southern Ethiopia

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1466
Author(s):  
Siraj Hussen ◽  
Solomon Asnake ◽  
Demelash Wachamo ◽  
Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: Streptococcus pneumonia causes high morbidity and mortality, particularly in children under five. Nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage predisposes individuals to pneumococcal infection and horizontal spread within the community. Overuse of antibiotics has been linked to increased risk of antimicrobial resistance to S. pneumonia. We investigated NP carriage rate and resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics in under-five children visiting a public referral center in southern Ethiopia. Methods: In total, 413 under 5 children who visited the outpatient department for a health check-up, immunization or acute mild illnesses underwent NP sampling. Parent/caregiver surveys were administered at the clinic. Sterile plastic applicator rayon tipped swabs were used for NP sampling. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using modified the disk diffusion method. Results: S. pneumonia NP carriage was observed in 39% [95% confidence interval (CI): 34.4–43.8]. Living with one or more sibling (AOR (adjusted odds ratio) 1.95: 95% CI: 1.01, 3.76), age group of 3-23 months (AOR 2.31: 95% CI: 1.07, 4.98), co-sleeping with family (AOR 2.09, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.79), attendance at kindergarten/day-care (AOR 1.84: 95% CI: 1.09, 3.11) and malnutrition independently increased S. pneumonia carriage at the individual level. S. pneumonia was highly resistant to Oxacillin (38.5%), Tetracycline (37.3%), and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (34.2%). Multi-drug resistance was observed in 42.2% of isolates. Conclusions: A high streptococcal NP carriage rate was observed in under-five children. The high level of resistance to commonly used antibiotics calls for enhancing national surveillance of resistance patterns and enforce antibiotic stewardship efforts.

scholarly journals Investigating host and parasite factors surrounding seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Bama, Burkina Faso

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anyirékun Somé ◽  
Thomas Bazié ◽  
Ehrlich Hanna Y. ◽  
Justin Goodwin ◽  
Aine Lehane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Blood Spots ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention ◽  
Parasite Factors

Abstract Background: Since 2014, seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) with amodiaquine-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AQ-SP) has been implemented on a large scale during the high malaria transmission season in Burkina Faso. We report in this paper the prevalence of microscopic and submicroscopic malaria infection at the outset and after the first round of SMC in children under five years old in Bama, Burkina Faso, as well as host and parasite factors involved in mediating the efficacy and tolerability of SMC. Methods: Two sequential cross-sectional surveys were carried out in the first month of SMC in a rural area in southwest Burkina Faso. Blood smears and dried blood spots were collected from 106 and 93 children under five, respectively, at the start of SMC and again three weeks later. Malaria infection was detected by microscopy and by PCR from dried blood spots. For all children, day 7 plasma concentrations of desethyl-amodiaquine (DEAQ) were measured and CYP2C8 genetic variants influencing AQ metabolism were genotyped. Samples were additionally genotyped for pfcrt K76T and pfmdr1 N86Y, molecular markers associated with reduced amodiaquine susceptibility. Results: 2.8% (3/106) of children were positive for Plasmodium falciparum infection by microscopy and 13.2% (14/106) by nested PCR within 2 days of SMC administration. Three weeks after SMC administration, in the same households, 4.3% (4/93) of samples were positive by microscopy and 14.0% (13/93) by PCR (p=0.0007). CYP2C8*2, associated with impaired amodiaquine metabolism, was common with an allelic frequency of 17.1% (95%CI=10.0-24.2). Day 7 concentration of DEAQ ranged from 0.48 to 362.80 ng/mL with a median concentration of 56.34 ng/mL. Pfmdr1 N86 predominated at both time points, whilst a non-significant trend towards a higher prevalence of pfcrt 76T was seen at week 3. Conclusion: This study showed a moderate prevalence of low-level malaria parasitemia in children 3 weeks following SMC during the first month of administration. Day 7 concentrations of the active DEAQ metabolite varied widely, likely reflecting variability in adherence and possibly metabolism. Our findings highlight factors that may contribute to the effectiveness of SMC in children in a high transmission setting.

scholarly journals Investigating selected host and parasite factors potentially impacting upon seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Bama, Burkina Faso

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anyirékun Somé ◽  
Thomas Bazié ◽  
Ehrlich Hanna Y. ◽  
Justin Goodwin ◽  
Aine Lehane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Blood Spots ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention ◽  
Parasite Factors

Abstract Background: Since 2014, seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) with amodiaquine-sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (AQ-SP) has been implemented on a large scale during the high malaria transmission season in Burkina Faso. We report in this paper the prevalence of microscopic and submicroscopic malaria infection at the outset and after the first round of SMC in children under five years old in Bama, Burkina Faso, as well as host and parasite factors involved in mediating the efficacy and tolerability of SMC. Methods: Two sequential cross-sectional surveys were conducted in late July and August 2017 during the first month of SMC in a rural area in southwest Burkina Faso. Blood smears and dried blood spots were collected from 106 and 93 children under five, respectively, at the start of SMC and again three weeks later. Malaria infection was detected by microscopy and by PCR from dried blood spots. For all children, day 7 plasma concentrations of desethyl-amodiaquine (DEAQ) were measured and CYP2C8 genetic variants influencing AQ metabolism were genotyped. Samples were additionally genotyped for pfcrt K76T and pfmdr1 N86Y, molecular markers associated with reduced amodiaquine susceptibility. Results: 2.8% (3/106) of children were positive for Plasmodium falciparum infection by microscopy and 13.2% (14/106) by nested PCR within 2 days of SMC administration. Three weeks after SMC administration, in the same households, 4.3% (4/93) of samples were positive by microscopy and 14.0% (13/93) by PCR (p=0.0007). CYP2C8*2, associated with impaired amodiaquine metabolism, was common with an allelic frequency of 17.1% (95%CI=10.0-24.2). Day 7 concentration of DEAQ ranged from 0.48 to 362.80 ng/mL with a median concentration of 56.34 ng/mL. Pfmdr1 N86 predominated at both time points, whilst a non-significant trend towards a higher prevalence of pfcrt 76T was seen at week 3. Conclusion: This study showed a moderate prevalence of low-level malaria parasitemia in children 3 weeks following SMC during the first month of administration. Day 7 concentrations of the active DEAQ metabolite varied widely, likely reflecting variability in adherence and possibly metabolism. Our findings highlight factors that may contribute to the effectiveness of SMC in children in a high transmission setting.

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