scholarly journals Adolescent Tobacco Exposure in 31 Latin American Cities before and after the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (20) ◽  
pp. 7423
Author(s):  
Francisco-Javier Prado-Galbarro ◽  
Amy H. Auchincloss ◽  
Carolina Pérez-Ferrer ◽  
Sharon Sanchez-Franco ◽  
Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Local Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Before And After

Our objective was to describe the prevalence and changes in tobacco use and tobacco control policies in Latin American countries and cities before and after ratification of the 2003 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Country-level tobacco policy data came from reports on the global tobacco epidemic (World Health Organization, 2007–2014). Global Youth Tobacco Survey data, 2000–2011, came from six countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru), 31 cities and 132,065 students. Pre- and post-FCTC prevalence and relative changes were estimated. All countries showed improvements in tobacco control policies but Mexico and Peru showed the smallest improvements. In general, adolescents reduced their tobacco use, reported less exposure to smoking at home, more tobacco education, and more retailer refusals to sell them cigarettes. Adolescents reported smaller reductions in secondhand smoke exposure outside the home and no change in exposure to tobacco media/promotions. Pre-FCTC prevalence and relative changes during the post-FCTC period were more heterogeneous across cities than across countries. Despite overall improvements in tobacco policies and the decline in exposure to tobacco, policies related to media/promotions and secondhand smoke need strengthening. There was wide variation in adolescent exposure to tobacco between cities (within countries), which suggested major heterogeneity of policy implementation at the local level.

scholarly journals Tribunales superiores en Latinoamérica y su respaldo a las medidas de control de tabaco como forma de proteger el derecho humano a la salud Latin American high courts and their support for tobacco control policies as a way to protect the human right to he

2018 ◽  
pp. 95-112
Author(s):  
Juan Carballo ◽  
Gianella Severini ◽  
Luciana Severini
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Latin American ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Health States ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
High Courts ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Right

Frente al fuerte impacto del tabaquismo en la salud pública, la obligación de los Estados de proteger el derecho humano a la salud exige la implementación de ciertas medidas de control de tabaco. En el último tiempo, altos tribunales de la región ratificaron la necesidad de avanzar en estas medidas, marcando la fuerte conexión entre los derechos humanos y las políticas de control de tabaco como mecanismo de protección de la salud y reconociendo el importante rol del Convenio Marco para el Control de Tabaco de la Organización Mundial de la Salud.   Taking into account tobacco epidemic’s impact on public health, States’ obligations to protect the right to health call for the implementation of certain tobacco control policies. In recent times, high courts from Latin America ratified the need to advance on these policies, highlighting the strong link between human rights and tobacco control policies as mechanisms for the protection of health and stressing the key role of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

Return on investment of Canadian tobacco control policies implemented between 2001 and 2016

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2021-056473
Author(s):  
Jean-Eric Tarride ◽  
Gord Blackhouse ◽  
G. Emmanuel Guindon ◽  
Michael O Chaiton ◽  
Lynn Planinac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Productivity Costs ◽  
Tobacco Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Government

ObjectivesTo determine the return on investment (ROI) associated with tobacco control policies implemented between 2001 and 2016 in Canada.MethodsCanadian expenditures on tobacco policies were collected from government sources. The economic benefits considered in our analyses (decrease in healthcare costs, productivity costs and monetised life years lost, as well as tax revenues) were based on the changes in smoking prevalence and attributable deaths derived from the SimSmoke simulation model for the period 2001–2016. The net economic benefit (monetised benefits minus expenditures) and ROI associated with these policies were determined from the government and societal perspectives. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to check the robustness of the result. Costs were expressed in 2019 Canadian dollars.ResultsThe total of provincial and federal expenditures associated with the implementation of tobacco control policies in Canada from 2001 through 2016 was estimated at $2.4 billion. Total economic benefits from these policies during that time were calculated at $49.2 billion from the government perspective and at $54.2 billion from the societal perspective. The corresponding ROIs were $19.8 and $21.9 for every dollar invested. Sensitivity analyses yielded ROI values ranging from $16.3 to $28.3 for every dollar invested depending on the analyses and perspective.ConclusionsThis analysis has found that the costs to implement the Canadian tobacco policies between 2001 and 2016 were far outweighed by the monetised value associated with the benefits of these policies, making a powerful case for the investment in tobacco control policies.

Impact of nations meeting the MPOWER targets between 2014 and 2016: an update

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2018-054837 ◽  
Author(s):  
David T Levy ◽  
Yameng Li ◽  
Zhe Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Policy Effect ◽  
Tobacco Taxes ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
Free Air

ObjectiveSince the WHO released the Monitoring tobacco use and tobacco control policies; Protecting from the dangers of tobacco smoke; Offering help to quit tobacco; Warning the public about the dangers; Enforcing bans on advertising, promotion and sponsorship; and Raising tobacco taxes (MPOWER) policy package to assist nations with implementing the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), 88 countries have adopted at least one MPOWER policy at the highest level as of 2014. Building on previous evaluations, we estimated the reduction in smoking-attributable deaths (SADs) from all policies newly adopted at the highest level between 2014 and 2016.MethodsFor each nation that implemented highest level policies, the difference in policy effect sizes from previously validated SimSmoke models for the policies in effect in 2014 and 2016 were multiplied by the number of smokers in that nation to derive the reduction in the number of smokers. Based on research that half of all smokers die from smoking, we derived SADs averted.FindingsIn total, 43 nations adopted at least one highest-level MPOWER policy between 2014 and 2016, resulting in 14.6 million fewer SADs. The largest number of SADs averted were due to stronger health warnings (13.3 million), followed by raising taxes (0.6 million), increased marketing bans (0.4 million), smoke-free air laws (0.3 million) and cessation interventions (2500).ConclusionThese findings demonstrate the continuing public health impact of tobacco control policies adopted globally since the FCTC, and highlight the importance of more countries adopting MPOWER policies at the highest level to reduce the global burden of tobacco use.

scholarly journals Economic Evaluation of Five Tobacco Control Policies Across Seven European Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 1202-1209
Author(s):  
Teresa Leão ◽  
Julian Perelman ◽  
Luke Clancy ◽  
Martin Mlinarić ◽  
Jaana M Kinnunen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
World Health ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Healthy Life ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies

Abstract Introduction Economic evaluations of tobacco control policies targeting adolescents are scarce. Few take into account real-world, large-scale implementation costs; few compare cost-effectiveness of different policies across different countries. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of five tobacco control policies (nonschool bans, including bans on sales to minors, bans on smoking in public places, bans on advertising at points-of-sale, school smoke-free bans, and school education programs), implemented in 2016 in Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Portugal. Methods Cost-effectiveness estimates were calculated per country and per policy, from the State perspective. Costs were collected by combining quantitative questionnaires with semi-structured interviews on how policies were implemented in each setting, in real practice. Short-term effectiveness was based on the literature, and long-term effectiveness was modeled using the DYNAMO-HIA tool. Discount rates of 3.5% were used for costs and effectiveness. Sensitivity analyses considered 1%–50% short-term effectiveness estimates, highest cost estimates, and undiscounted effectiveness. Findings Nonschool bans cost up to €253.23 per healthy life year, school smoking bans up to €91.87 per healthy life year, and school education programs up to €481.35 per healthy life year. Cost-effectiveness depended on the costs of implementation, short-term effectiveness, initial smoking rates, dimension of the target population, and weight of smoking in overall mortality and morbidity. Conclusions All five policies were highly cost-effective in all countries according to the World Health Organization thresholds for public health interventions. Cost-effectiveness was preserved even when using the highest costs and most conservative effectiveness estimates. Implications Economic evaluations using real-world data on tobacco control policies implemented at a large scale are scarce, especially considering nonschool bans targeting adolescents. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of five tobacco control policies implemented in 2016 in Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany, Italy, and Portugal. This study shows that all five policies were highly cost-effective considering the World Health Organization threshold, even when considering the highest costs and most conservative effectiveness estimates.

scholarly journals Barriers to Adopting and Implementing Local-Level Tobacco Control Policies

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 616-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis D. Satterlund ◽  
Diana Cassady ◽  
Jeanette Treiber ◽  
Cathy Lemp
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies

Flavoured tobacco product restrictions in Massachusetts associated with reductions in adolescent cigarette and e-cigarette use

2021 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2020-056159
Author(s):  
Summer Sherburne Hawkins ◽  
Claudia Kruzik ◽  
Michael O'Brien ◽  
Rebekah Levine Coley
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
County Level ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Youth Health ◽  
Control Policies ◽  
Tobacco Control Policies ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Adolescent Tobacco Use

BackgroundIn the USA, many states do not pre-empt municipalities from enacting stricter tobacco-control policies than state or federal laws. Several municipalities in Massachusetts have passed progressive local laws aimed at reducing adolescent tobacco use. We exploited this variability to examine the associations between county-level flavoured tobacco product restrictions, tobacco 21 policies and smoke-free laws prohibiting e-cigarettes with adolescent cigarette and e-cigarette use in Massachusetts, and to assess whether policy effects varied by age.MethodsWe conducted difference-in-differences models to link changes in county-level tobacco-control policies to changes in adolescents’ use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes using 2011–2017 biennial Massachusetts Youth Health Surveys.ResultsCounties with greater implementation of flavoured tobacco product restrictions were associated with a decrease in the level of cigarette use among users (incidence rate ratio −1.56; 95% CI −2.54 to −0.58). A significant interaction (p=0.03) revealed the largest reductions among 14 and 18 year olds. Increasing flavoured tobacco product restrictions were also associated with reductions in the likelihood of e-cigarette use (OR −0.87; 95% CI −1.68 to −0.06). Increasing tobacco 21 restrictions were associated with decreases in cigarette use only among 18 year olds, while there was no evidence of associations between smoke-free laws with use of either tobacco product.ConclusionsAdolescents in Massachusetts decreased their use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes in response to local restrictions that limited the sale of flavoured tobacco products to adult-only retail tobacco stores. Local legislation can reduce adolescent tobacco use and municipalities should enact stricter tobacco-control policies when not pre-empted by state law.

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